Brain Mapping: From Neural Basis of Cognition to Surgical Applications

Cover......Page 1
front-matter......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page\r......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 9
Introduction From neurosciences to brain surgery and from brain surgery to neurosciences......Page 13
References......Page 15
Brain anatomy......Page 17
General anatomical features......Page 19
The sulci, gyri, and cerebral lobes......Page 21
The frontal lobe......Page 23
The central lobe......Page 25
The parietal lobe......Page 27
The occipital lobe......Page 28
The temporal lobe......Page 29
The insular lobe......Page 31
The limbic lobe and correlated areas......Page 32
Final remarks......Page 36
References......Page 37
Introduction......Page 39
Klingler’st echnique......Page 40
Superior longitudinal fasciculus......Page 41
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus......Page 42
Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus......Page 43
Extreme capsule, external capsule, uncinate fasciculus......Page 45
Periventricular white matter......Page 47
Corona radiata and internal capsule......Page 48
Optic radiations......Page 49
Corpus callosum......Page 51
References......Page 52
Methods of brain mapping:\radvances and limitations......Page 55
Biophysical framework of the BOLD signal......Page 57
Experimental design......Page 59
Workflow in fMRI......Page 60
Key points in fMRI interpretation......Page 61
Image position......Page 63
Movements......Page 64
Physiological confounds......Page 65
Conclusion......Page 67
Abbreviations......Page 68
References......Page 69
Introduction to diffusion magnetic resonance imaging......Page 73
Diffusion tensor imaging......Page 74
Virtual reconstruction of white matterpathways......Page 76
Diffusion signal changes in epilepsyand brain tumor......Page 78
Clinical applications in neurosurgical patientswith brain tumours......Page 79
Clinical applications to neurosurgical patients with epilepsy......Page 81
Limitations and future directions of diffusion tractography......Page 82
References......Page 84
Instrumentation......Page 89
Subject preparation......Page 91
Data acquisition......Page 92
New trends and methods: connectivity and complexity analysis......Page 93
MEG-EEG source estimation as a modeling problem......Page 94
Modeling the electromagnetics of head tissues......Page 95
MEG source modeling......Page 96
Appraisal of MEG source models......Page 97
Conclusions: a pragmatic point of view......Page 99
References......Page 100
Evaluation of cortical function and cortical stimulation......Page 103
Invasive electroencephalography and Video-EEG-monitoring......Page 104
Subdural grid- and strip-electrodes......Page 105
Afterdischarges......Page 108
Concluding remarks......Page 110
References......Page 111
Focal electrophysiological effects of DES: insights from experimental and modeling studies......Page 113
Effects of a focal lesion1 on a non-locally functioning brain......Page 115
Comparison between a transient DES lesionand a definitive surgical removal......Page 116
Analysis of false negative and false positive of OS......Page 117
Conclusion and future works......Page 118
References......Page 119
New insights into neuro-cognition\rprovided by brain mapping......Page 122
Reshaping of somatosensory and motor maps by intensive practice......Page 123
Cortical map remodeling as a neural substrate for acquisition of perceptual and motor abilities......Page 124
Attention, expectation, andmotivation contribute to reshaping of cortical representations......Page 127
Deleterious effects of disuse on cortical map features......Page 129
Cortical reorganization following stroke: from local remodeling to widespread recruitment of new areas......Page 130
Protective effects of postlesion training, harmfulness of overuse during critical period......Page 135
Conclusions......Page 137
References......Page 138
Introduction......Page 143
The production of speech......Page 145
The perception and comprehension of speech: from acoustic waves to meaning......Page 146
Fiber tract identification in the human: diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and intraoperative electrical stimulation......Page 149
Summary of fiber pathways for language......Page 151
References......Page 152
Neural basis of memory......Page 157
Anterograde amnesia and the medial temporal lobes......Page 158
Consolidation from new to old memories: the complementary learning systems theory......Page 159
Semantic memory......Page 160
The “hub-and-spoke” model of conceptualisation......Page 162
Convergent evidence for the ATL hub-and-spoke semantic framework.......Page 163
Which areas of the ATL are critical insemantic function?......Page 164
References......Page 165
Intraoperative stimulations of the“dominant” hemisphere......Page 167
The neglected hemisphere......Page 170
Intraoperative assessment of visuospatial functions......Page 172
References......Page 175
Introduction......Page 179
Cognitive paradigm......Page 180
Neuroimaging procedure......Page 182
Intraoperative behavioral assessment......Page 183
Data analysis for healthy control participants and patients......Page 184
Preoperative behavioral and fMRI imaging data for patients......Page 185
Neurosurgical procedure and intraoperative behavioral data......Page 186
Postoperative behavioral, MRI and fMRI data......Page 188
Discussion......Page 189
References......Page 190
Introduction......Page 193
Neuroanatomical and neurofunctional substrates of sociocognitive functions......Page 194
Clinical insights into the neural substrates of the theory of mind......Page 197
Conclusions......Page 200
References......Page 201
Surgical applications......Page 204
Introduction......Page 205
Surgery effects......Page 206
Antiepileptic drugs......Page 209
Neurocognitive mapping......Page 210
Proposal for standardized examination of neurocognitive outcome......Page 211
Cognitive rehabilitation......Page 212
Conclusion......Page 213
References......Page 214
Historical premises......Page 219
Design of the fMRI experiment......Page 220
What exactly is measured with fMRI?......Page 221
Spatial accuracy......Page 222
Motor areas......Page 223
Language lateralization......Page 224
Factors impeding surgical application of fMRI......Page 225
Brain functions emerging from networks: neuroscience and clinical-practice perspectives......Page 228
Network properties relevant for neurosurgery......Page 230
fMRI methods to study network behavior......Page 231
Future role of fMRI in clinical practice......Page 233
References......Page 235
Introduction......Page 241
Epilepsy surgery......Page 242
Functional mapping for preoperative planning for tumors......Page 245
Assessing functional connectivity......Page 247
References......Page 249
Background: Evolution of TMS technology for pre-surgical mapping......Page 253
How to map the motor cortex of a brain tumor patient using TMS......Page 254
Output and benefits of pre-surgical TMS mapping......Page 255
Problems and limitations of TMS mapping......Page 258
Other options for mapping the motor cortex......Page 259
TMS vs. fMRI......Page 260
TMS vs. DCS......Page 261
Acknowledgments......Page 262
References......Page 263
Introduction......Page 265
Methodology......Page 266
Discussion......Page 267
References......Page 272
DTI data acquisition and FT processing......Page 275
Use of DTI during surgery of gliomas: pitfalls......Page 277
Correlation between DES and DTI-FT: intraoperative use of DTI-FT......Page 278
Motor tracts......Page 279
Language tracts......Page 281
Significance of the use of DTI in surgery of gliomas......Page 284
References......Page 285
Multimodal neuronavigation......Page 289
Methods of functional imaging......Page 290
Outcome of surgery......Page 292
DTI navigation......Page 293
Conclusion......Page 295
References......Page 296
Somatosensory evoked potentials......Page 299
Motor evoked potentials......Page 300
Intraoperative mapping in the anesthetized patient......Page 303
Principles of clinical application......Page 304
References......Page 305
Introduction......Page 307
Techniques of brain mapping in epilepsy surgery......Page 308
Electrocorticographic mapping......Page 309
Functional mapping......Page 310
References......Page 314
Introduction......Page 317
Preoperative functional neuroimaging: a necessary baseline......Page 318
Evoked potentials and electrocorticography......Page 320
Intrasurgical cortical and subcortical electrostimulation mapping......Page 321
Functional and oncological results......Page 326
Conclusions and perspectives......Page 327
References......Page 328
Perspectives......Page 332
Introduction......Page 333
Less-considered language areas in the left dominant hemisphere......Page 334
Language areas in the right hemisphere......Page 335
Intraoperative mapping of movement and visuospatial cognition......Page 337
Intraoperative mapping of higher cognitive functions: towards a better selection of tasks......Page 339
Conclusions and perspectives......Page 341
References......Page 342
Introduction......Page 347
Anatomo-functional organization of the left inferior frontal gyrus......Page 348
Role of the right hemisphere in language......Page 349
Role of the left prefrontal dorsolateral cortex in judgment......Page 350
Language pathways: the anatomo-functional connectivity of language revisited......Page 351
Conclusions and perspectives......Page 355
References......Page 357
Brain plasticity: definitions and mechanisms......Page 361
Preoperative plasticity: the role of the time course of disease......Page 362
Intraoperative plasticity......Page 363
Therapeutic implications in oncological neurosurgery......Page 365
Experimental observations in animals......Page 367
Application in patients withlow-grade glioma......Page 369
Conclusions and perspectives......Page 370
References......Page 371
Mapping RSNs......Page 373
Reliability of extracted maps......Page 374
Defining nodes......Page 376
Quantifying links......Page 378
Physiological noise......Page 379
Healthy brain......Page 380
RSNs and pathologies......Page 382
References......Page 383
A brief history......Page 385
Network degree......Page 386
Hierarchy and modularity......Page 387
Neural network modeling and experimental studies......Page 388
Human brain networks......Page 389
Brain tumours......Page 391
Epilepsy......Page 392
Clinical studies......Page 396
Conclusions and future prospects......Page 397
References......Page 398
Where does the concept of futility come from?......Page 401
How to recognize a nonfutile system?......Page 402
Conclusion......Page 404