Separation Process Principles : Chemical and Biochemical Operations, Third Edition

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Preface to the Third Edition\n......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 11
Contents......Page 13
Nomenclature......Page 17
Dimensions and Units......Page 25
PART 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS......Page 29
§1.1 Industrial Chemical Processes......Page 30
§1.2 Basic Separation Techniques......Page 33
§1.3 Separations by Phase Addition or Creation......Page 35
§1.4 Separations by Barriers......Page 39
§1.5 Separations by Solid Agents......Page 41
§1.7 Component Recoveries and Product Purities......Page 42
§1.8 Separation Factor......Page 46
§1.9 Introduction to Bioseparations......Page 47
§1.10 Selection of Feasible Separations......Page 55
References......Page 58
Exercises......Page 59
§\n2.1 Energy, Entropy, and Availability Balances......Page 63
§\n2.2 Phase Equilibria......Page 66
§\n2.3 Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model......Page 69
§\n2.4 Graphical Correlations of Thermodynamic Properties......Page 72
§2.5 Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models......Page 73
§2.6 Liquid Activity-Coefficient Models......Page 80
§2.7 Difficult Mixtures......Page 90
§2.8 Selecting an Appropriate Model......Page 91
§2.9 Thermodynamic Activity of Biological Species......Page 92
Summary......Page 104
References......Page 105
Study Questions......Page 106
Exercises......Page 107
§3.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 113
§3.1 Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion......Page 114
§3.2 Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities)......Page 118
§3.3 Steady- and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media......Page 129
§3.4 Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow......Page 134
§\n3.5 Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow......Page 141
§\n3.6 Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid–Fluid Interface......Page 147
§\n3.7 Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients......Page 151
§\n3.8 Molecular Mass Transfer in Terms of Other Driving Forces......Page 155
References......Page 161
Exercises......Page 163
§4.1 Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom......Page 167
§4.2 Binary Vapor–Liquid Systems......Page 169
§4.3 Binary Azeotropic Systems......Page 172
§4.4 Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and Dew-Point Calculations......Page 174
§4.5 Ternary Liquid–Liquid Systems......Page 179
§4.6 Multicomponent Liquid–Liquid Systems......Page 185
§4.7 Solid–Liquid Systems......Page 186
§4.8 Gas–Liquid Systems......Page 191
§4.9 Gas–Solid Systems......Page 193
§4.10 Multiphase Systems......Page 194
References......Page 198
Exercises......Page 199
§5.1 Cascade Configurations......Page 208
§5.2 Solid–Liquid Cascades......Page 209
§5.3 Single-Section Extraction Cascades......Page 211
§5.4 Multicomponent Vapor–Liquid Cascades......Page 213
§5.5 Membrane Cascades......Page 217
§5.6 Hybrid Systems......Page 218
§5.7 Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades......Page 219
Study Questions......Page 226
Exercises......Page 227
PART 2 SEPARATIONS BY PHASE ADDITION OR CREATION......Page 233
§6.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 234
§6.1 Equipment for Vapor–Liquid Separations......Page 235
§6.3 Graphical Method for Trayed Towers......Page 241
§6.4 Algebraic Method for Determining N......Page 245
§6.5 Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns......Page 246
§6.6 Flooding, Column Diameter, Pressure Drop, and Mass Transfer for Trayed Columns......Page 253
§6.7 Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns......Page 260
§6.8 Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer Efficiency......Page 264
§6.9 Concentrated Solutions in Packed Columns......Page 276
Summary......Page 278
References......Page 279
Study Questions......Page 280
Exercises......Page 281
§7.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 286
§7.1 Equipment and Design Considerations......Page 287
§7.2 McCabe–Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers......Page 289
§7.3 Extensions of the McCabe–Thiele Method......Page 298
§7.4 Estimation of Stage Efficiency for Distillation......Page 307
§7.5 Column and Reflux-Drum Diameters......Page 311
§7.6 Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns......Page 312
§7.7 Introduction to the Ponchon–Savarit Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed Towers......Page 314
References......Page 316
Exercises......Page 317
§8.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 327
§8.1 Equipment for Solvent Extraction......Page 330
§8.2 General Design Considerations......Page 336
§8.3  Hunter–Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method......Page 340
§8.4 Maloney–Schubert Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method......Page 353
§8.5 Theory and Scale-up of Extractor Performance......Page 356
§8.6 Extraction of Bioproducts......Page 368
References......Page 378
Study Questions......Page 380
Exercises......Page 381
§9.1 Fenske–Underwood–Gilliland (FUG) Method......Page 387
§9.2 Kremser Group Method......Page 399
Study Questions......Page 402
Exercises......Page 403
§10.1 Theoretical Model for an Equilibrium Stage......Page 406
§10.2 Strategy of Mathematical Solution......Page 408
§10.3 Equation-Tearing Procedures......Page 409
§10.4 Newton–Raphson (NR) Method......Page 421
§10.5 Inside-Out Method......Page 428
References......Page 433
Exercises......Page 434
§11.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 441
§11.1 Use of Triangular Graphs......Page 442
§11.2 Extractive Distillation......Page 452
§11.3 Salt Distillation......Page 456
§11.4 Pressure-Swing Distillation......Page 457
§11.5 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation......Page 460
§11.6 Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation......Page 463
§11.7 Reactive Distillation......Page 470
§11.8 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction......Page 475
Summary......Page 480
References......Page 481
Exercises......Page 483
§12.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 485
§12.1 Rate-Based Model......Page 487
§12.2 Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions......Page 489
§12.3 Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area......Page 491
§12.5 Method of Calculation......Page 492
Summary......Page 497
Study Questions......Page 498
Exercises......Page 499
§13.1 Differential Distillation......Page 501
§13.2 Binary Batch Rectification......Page 504
§13.4 Effect of Liquid Holdup......Page 506
§13.5 Shortcut Method for Batch Rectification......Page 507
§13.6 Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch Rectification......Page 509
§13.7 Intermediate-Cut Strategy......Page 516
§13.8 Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio......Page 518
References......Page 521
Exercises......Page 522
PART 3 SEPARATIONS BY BARRIERS AND SOLID AGENTS......Page 527
§14.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 528
§14.1 Membrane Materials......Page 531
§14.2 Membrane Modules......Page 534
§14.3 Transport in Membranes......Page 536
§14.4 Dialysis......Page 553
§14.5 Electrodialysis......Page 555
§14.6 Reverse Osmosis......Page 558
§14.7 Gas Permeation......Page 561
§14.8 Pervaporation......Page 563
§14.9 Membranes in Bioprocessing......Page 567
Summary......Page 588
References......Page 589
Exercises......Page 591
§15.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 596
§15.1 Sorbents......Page 598
§15.2 Equilibrium Considerations......Page 606
§15.3 Kinetic and Transport Considerations......Page 615
§15.4 Equipment for Sorption Operations......Page 637
§15.5 Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems......Page 641
§15.6 Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems......Page 649
§15.7 Ion-Exchange Cycle......Page 659
§15.8 Electrophoresis......Page 660
Summary......Page 666
References......Page 667
Study Questions......Page 670
Exercises......Page 671
PART 4 SEPARATIONS THAT INVOLVE A SOLID PHASE......Page 677
§16.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 678
§16.1 Equipment for Leaching......Page 679
§16.2 Equilibrium-Stage Model for Leaching and Washing\n......Page 685
§16.3 Rate-Based Model for Leaching......Page 690
Summary......Page 694
Exercises......Page 695
§17.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 698
§17.1 Crystal Geometry......Page 701
§17.2 Thermodynamic Considerations......Page 707
§17.3 Kinetics and Mass Transfer......Page 711
§17.4 Equipment for Solution Crystallization......Page 716
§17.5 The MSMPR Crystallization Model......Page 719
§17.6 Precipitation......Page 723
§17.7 Melt Crystallization......Page 725
§17.8 Zone Melting......Page 728
§17.9 Desublimation......Page 730
§17.10 Evaporation......Page 732
§17.11 Bioproduct Crystallization......Page 739
Summary......Page 746
References......Page 747
Study Questions......Page 748
Exercises......Page 749
§18.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 754
§18.1 Drying Equipment......Page 755
§18.2 Psychrometry......Page 769
§18.3 Equilibrium-Moisture Content of Solids......Page 776
§18.4 Drying Periods......Page 779
§18.5 Dryer Models......Page 791
§18.6 Drying of Bioproducts......Page 798
Summary......Page 799
References......Page 800
Exercises......Page 801
PART 5 MECHANICAL SEPARATION OF PHASES......Page 805
§19.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 806
§19.1 Separation-Device Selection......Page 808
§19.2 Industrial Particle-Separator Devices......Page 809
§19.3 Design of Particle Separators......Page 817
§19.4 Design of Solid–Liquid Cake-Filtration Devices Based on Pressure Gradients......Page 823
§19.5 Centrifuge Devices for Solid–Liquid Separations......Page 828
§19.6 Wash Cycles......Page 830
§19.7 Mechanical Separations in Biotechnology......Page 832
Summary......Page 836
Study Questions......Page 837
Exercises......Page 838
Answers to Selected Exercises......Page 842
Index......Page 845