Psychology

Cover Page\n......Page 1
Title Page\n......Page 4
Copyright Page\n......Page 5
Dedication \n......Page 6
About the Author\n......Page 8
Brief Contents\n......Page 9
Contents\n......Page 11
Preface\n......Page 18
\nIntroduction to the History and Science of\nPsychology......Page 34
What Is Psychology?......Page 35
Contemporary Psychology......Page 39
CLOSE-UP: Tips for Studying Psychology......Page 45
The Need for Psychological Science......Page 47
Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology......Page 52
How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?......Page 58
Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life......Page 70
The Biology of Mind......Page 78
Neural Communication......Page 79
The Nervous System......Page 85
The Endocrine System......Page 89
The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined......Page 91
Older Brain Structures......Page 93
The Cerebral Cortex......Page 100
Our Divided Brain......Page 107
Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain......Page 110
Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind......Page 116
Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 118
Dual Processing......Page 119
Biological Rhythms and Sleep......Page 124
Why Do We Sleep?......Page 129
Sleep Disorders......Page 133
Dreams......Page 135
Facts and Falsehoods......Page 141
Explaining the Hypnotized State......Page 143
Dependence and Addiction......Page 146
Psychoactive Drugs......Page 148
CLOSE-UP: Near-Death Experiences......Page 156
Influences on Drug Use......Page 158
Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity......Page 164
Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences......Page 165
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature......Page 174
Parents and Peers......Page 181
Cultural Influences......Page 184
Gender Development......Page 190
Reflections on Nature and Nurture......Page 197
Developing Through the Life Span......Page 202
Prenatal Development......Page 203
The Competent Newborn......Page 205
Physical Development......Page 207
Cognitive Development......Page 209
CLOSE-UP: Autism and “Mind-Blindness”......Page 215
Social Development......Page 218
Physical Development......Page 228
Cognitive Development......Page 231
Social Development......Page 233
Emerging Adulthood......Page 237
Physical Development......Page 239
Cognitive Development......Page 245
Social Development......Page 248
Reflections on Two Major Developmental Issues......Page 254
Sensation and Perception......Page 258
module 17 Introduction to Sensation and Perception......Page 259
Thresholds......Page 260
Sensory Adaption......Page 263
The Stimulus Input: Light Energy......Page 266
The Eye......Page 267
Visual Information Processing......Page 270
Color Vision......Page 273
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves......Page 276
The Ear......Page 277
Hearing Loss and Deaf Culture......Page 280
CLOSE-UP: Living in a Silent World......Page 282
Touch......Page 284
Pain......Page 286
Taste......Page 290
Smell......Page 292
Form Perception......Page 295
Depth Perception......Page 297
Perceptual Constancy......Page 300
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision......Page 305
Perceptual Adaptation......Page 306
Perceptual Set......Page 307
Perception and the Human Factor......Page 312
Is There Extrasensory Perception?......Page 314
Learning......Page 320
Pavlov’s Experiments......Page 323
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding......Page 328
Pavlov’s Legacy......Page 331
CLOSE-UP: Trauma as Classical Conditioning......Page 332
Skinner’s Experiments......Page 334
Extending Skinner’s Understanding......Page 341
Skinner’s Legacy......Page 343
CLOSE-UP: Training Our Partners......Page 345
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning......Page 346
module 25 Learning by Observation......Page 348
Mirrors in the Brain......Page 349
Bandura’s Experiments......Page 350
Applications of Observational Learning......Page 351
Memory\n......Page 356
The Phenomenon of Memory......Page 357
Studying Memory: Information-Processing Models......Page 358
How We Encode......Page 360
What We Encode......Page 363
Sensory Memory......Page 369
Working/Short-Term Memory......Page 370
Long-Term Memory......Page 371
Storing Memories in the Brain......Page 372
module 29 Retrieval: Getting Information Out......Page 379
Retrieval Cues......Page 380
Forgetting......Page 384
CLOSE-UP: Retrieving Passwords......Page 388
Memory Construction......Page 390
Improving Memory......Page 398
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence......Page 402
Concepts......Page 403
Solving Problems......Page 404
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments......Page 407
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor—Do We Fear the Right Things?......Page 411
module 32 Language and Thought......Page 417
Language Structure......Page 418
Language Development......Page 419
The Brain and Language......Page 424
Thinking and Language......Page 426
Animal Thinking and Language......Page 430
CLOSE-UP: Talking Hands......Page 433
module 33 Introduction to Intelligence......Page 437
Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities?......Page 438
Intelligence and Creativity......Page 442
Emotional Intelligence......Page 444
Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?......Page 445
The Origins of Intelligence Testing......Page 449
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities......Page 451
Principles of Test Construction......Page 453
The Dynamics of Intelligence......Page 455
Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 461
Environmental Influences......Page 463
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores......Page 465
The Question of Bias......Page 471
Motivation and Work......Page 476
Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology......Page 477
Optimum Arousal......Page 478
A Hierarchy of Motives......Page 479
The Physiology of Hunger......Page 481
The Psychology of Hunger......Page 484
Obesity and Weight Control......Page 489
CLOSE-UP: Waist Management......Page 496
The Physiology of Sex......Page 499
The Psychology of Sex......Page 501
Adolescent Sexuality......Page 503
Sexual Orientation......Page 505
The Need to Belong......Page 512
module 39 Motivation at Work......Page 517
CLOSE-UP: I/O Psychology at Work......Page 518
Personnel Psychology......Page 519
CLOSE-UP: Discovering Your Strengths......Page 520
Organizational Psychology: Motivating Achievement......Page 523
CLOSE-UP: Doing Well While Doing Good: “The Great\n	Experiment”......Page 525
Emotions, Stress, and Health......Page 532
Theories of Emotion......Page 533
Embodied Emotion......Page 534
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection......Page 537
Detecting Emotion......Page 543
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior......Page 544
Culture and Emotional Expression......Page 546
The Effects of Facial Expressions......Page 548
module 42 Experienced Emotion......Page 550
Fear......Page 551
Anger......Page 553
Happiness......Page 554
CLOSE-UP: How to Be Happier......Page 560
Stress and Illness......Page 563
Stress and the Heart......Page 568
Stress and Susceptibility to Disease......Page 570
Coping With Stress......Page 575
CLOSE-UP: Pets Are Friends, Too......Page 579
Managing Stress......Page 580
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Complementary and Alternative Medicine......Page 583
CLOSE-UP: The Relaxation Response......Page 584
Personality......Page 590
Exploring the Unconscious......Page 591
The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists......Page 595
Assessing Unconscious Processes......Page 596
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective......Page 598
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective......Page 603
Assessing the Self......Page 604
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective......Page 605
The Trait Perspective......Page 607
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: How to Be a “Successful” Astrologer or Palm Reader......Page 611
The Social-Cognitive Perspective......Page 616
CLOSE-UP: Toward a More Positive Psychology......Page 621
Exploring the Self......Page 623
Psychological Disorders......Page 630
Defining Psychological Disorders......Page 632
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Genuine Disorder?......Page 633
Understanding Psychological Disorders......Page 634
Classifying Psychological Disorders......Page 635
CLOSE-UP: The “un-DSM”: A Diagnostic Manual of Human Strengths......Page 637
Labeling Psychological Disorders......Page 638
Rates of Psychological Disorders......Page 639
Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 643
Phobias......Page 644
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 645
Understanding Anxiety Disorders......Page 647
Dissociative Disorders......Page 651
Personality Disorders......Page 653
Somatoform Disorders......Page 655
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 658
Bipolar Disorder  	......Page 659
Understanding Mood Disorders......Page 660
CLOSE-UP: Suicide......Page 663
Symptoms of Schizophrenia......Page 670
Onset and Development of Schizophrenia......Page 671
Understanding Schizophrenia......Page 672
Therapy......Page 678
Psychoanalysis......Page 679
Humanistic Therapies......Page 682
Behavior Therapies......Page 683
Cognitive Therapies......Page 687
Group and Family Therapies......Page 690
Is Psychotherapy Effective?......Page 693
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: “Regressing” From Unusual to Usual......Page 695
The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies......Page 696
Evaluating Alternative Therapies......Page 698
Commonalities Among Psychotherapies......Page 699
CLOSE-UP: A Consumer’s Guide to Psychotherapists......Page 700
Culture and Values in Psychotherapy......Page 701
CLOSE-UP: Preventing Psychological Disorders......Page 702
Drug Therapies......Page 704
Brain Stimulation......Page 708
Psychosurgery......Page 710
Therapeutic Life-Style Change......Page 711
Social Psychology......Page 714
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations......Page 715
Attitudes and Actions......Page 717
CLOSE-UP: Abu Ghraib Prison: An “Atrocity-Producing Situation”?......Page 720
Conformity and Obedience......Page 723
Group Influence......Page 730
The Power of Individuals......Page 734
Prejudice......Page 736
CLOSE-UP: Automatic Prejudice......Page 738
Aggression......Page 742
CLOSE-UP: Parallels Between Smoking Effects and Media Violence Effects......Page 749
Attraction......Page 752
CLOSE-UP: Online Matchmaking and Speed Dating......Page 753
Altruism......Page 759
Peacemaking......Page 762
The Bachelor’s Degree......Page 768
Postgraduate Degrees......Page 770
Subfields of Psychology......Page 771
Preparing Early for Graduate Study in\nPsychology......Page 776
For More Information......Page 777
Appendix B: Answers to Test Yourself\nQuestions......Page 778
Glossary......Page 792
References......Page 806
Name Index......Page 894
Subject Index......Page 912