Physics of the Plasma Universe

Preface......Page v
Contents......Page vii
1.1 Plasma......Page p1
1.2.1 Plasmas on Earth......Page p2
1.2.2 Near-Earth Plasmas......Page p4
1.2.3 Plasmas in the Solar System......Page p8
1.2.5 Solar, Stellar, & Interstellar Plasmas......Page p10
1.2.6 Galactic & Extragalactic Plasmas......Page p16
1.3 Regions of Applicability of Plasma Physics......Page p17
1.4 Power Generation & Transmission......Page p20
1.5 Electrical Discharges in Cosmic Plasma......Page p22
1.6.2 Collective Ion Acceleration......Page p23
1.7.1 The Bennett Pinch......Page p26
1.7.2 The Force-Free Configuration......Page p28
1.7.3 The Diocotron Instability......Page p29
1.7.4 Critical Ionization Velocity......Page p30
1.8.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page p33
1.8.2 In Situ Space Probes......Page p39
2.1 History of Birkeland Currents......Page p43
2.2 Field-Aligned Currents in Lab. Plasma......Page p47
2.3 Field-Aligned Currents in Astrophysical Plasmas......Page p48
2.4.1 General Plasma Fluid Equations......Page p49
2.4.2 Magnetic Reynolds & Lundquist Numbers......Page p51
2.5 The Generalized Bennett Relation......Page p52
2.5.2 Alfven Limiting Current......Page p55
2.5.3 Charge Neutralized Beam Propagation......Page p56
2.5.5 Discussion......Page p57
2.5.8 The Carlqvist Relation......Page p58
2.5.9 The Cylindrical Pinch......Page p59
2.5.10 The Sheet Pinch......Page p61
2.6.1 Birkeland Currents in Earth\'s Magnetosphere......Page p62
2.6.2 Currents in the Solar Atmosphere......Page p63
2.6.3 Heliospheric Currents......Page p64
2.6.4 Currents in the Interstellar Medium......Page p65
2.6.6 Currents in the Intergalactic Medium......Page p66
2.7.1 Jeans Condition for Grav\'l Instability......Page p67
2.7.2 Two-Stream (Buneman) Instability......Page p68
2.7.3 Sausage & Kink Instabilities......Page p70
2.8 Lab. Simulation of Cosmic Plasma Processes......Page p71
2.8.1 High-Current Plasma Pinches......Page p72
2.8.2 Laboratory Aurora Simulations......Page p74
2.9 Particle-in-Cell Simul., Beams & Birkeland Currents......Page p76
2.9.1 Charge & Current Neutralized Beam Propagation in Plasma......Page p77
2.9.2 Relativistic & Mildly Rel. Beam Propagation in Plasma......Page p78
2.9.4 Beam Filamentation......Page p79
2.9.5 Dyn. Evolution Narrow Birkeland Filament......Page p80
2.9.6 Vortex, Thin Cyl. e-Beams Along a Magnetic Field......Page p84
2.9.7 Charge-Neut. Rel. e-Beam Propagation Along a Magnetic Field......Page p87
2.9.8 Numerical Aurora Simulations......Page p89
3.1 History of Magnetism......Page p93
3.2 Magn. Interaction of Steady Line Currents......Page p94
3.3 The Magnetic Induction Field......Page p95
3.3.1 Field from Infinite Conductor of Finite Radius......Page p96
3.3.2 Force Between Two Infinite Conductors......Page p97
3.4.1 Field from a Circular Loop & Force Between Two Circular Loops......Page p99
3.5 Quasi-Stationary Magnetic Fields......Page p101
3.5.1 Faraday\'s Law......Page p102
3.5.2 Motion Induced Electric Fields......Page p103
3.6 Inductance......Page p104
3.7.1 Energy in a System of Current Loops......Page p106
3.7.2 In Situ Storage in Force Free Magn. Field Configurations......Page p107
3.9 Meas. of Magnetic Fields in Laboratory Plasmas......Page p108
3.10 Particle-in-Cell Sim. of Interacting Curents......Page p110
3.10.2 Initial Motion of Current Filaments......Page p111
3.10.4 Magnetic Energy Distr. & Magnetic Isobars......Page p113
3.11.1 Measurement of Galactic Magnetic Fields......Page p119
3.11.2 Milky Way Galaxy......Page p122
3.11.3 Spiral Galaxies......Page p126
3.11.4 Rotational Velocities of Spiral Galaxies......Page p128
3.11.5 Elliptical Galaxies......Page p131
3.11.6 Intergalactic Magnetic Fields......Page p135
4.1 Electric Fields......Page p137
4.2 Measurement of Electric Fields......Page p138
4.3.1 Collisionless Thermoelectric Effect......Page p143
4.3.2 Magnetic Mirror Effect......Page p144
4.3.3 Electrostatic Shocks......Page p145
4.4.1 The Plasmasphere......Page p146
4.4.2 The Plasmasheet......Page p147
4.4.6 The Auroral Acceleration Region......Page p149
4.4.7 Global Distr. of Auroral Electric Fields......Page p153
4.5 Outstanding Questions......Page p154
4.6.2 Plasma Gun Arc Discharges......Page p156
4.6.3 Marklund Convection & Separation of Elements......Page p165
4.6.4 Particle Acceleration & Runaway......Page p168
4.6.5 Field-Aligned El. Fields as Source of Cosmic Rays......Page p170
5.1 General Description of Double Layers......Page p171
5.2.1 One-Dimensional Model......Page p173
5.2.2 Ratio of the Current Densities......Page p175
5.2.5 Kinetic Description......Page p176
5.3 Particle-in-Cell Simul. Double Layers......Page p179
5.3.1 Simulations of 2-Stream Instability......Page p180
5.3.2 Simulations of Double Layers......Page p182
5.4 Double Layers in Current Filaments......Page p183
5.5.1 Double Layers as Surface Phenomena......Page p185
5.5.3 Exploding Double Layers......Page p186
5.6.1 Double Layers in the Auroral Circuit......Page p188
5.6.2 Solar Flares......Page p191
5.6.3 Double Radio Galaxies & Quasars......Page p194
5.6.4 Double Layers as a Source of Cosmic Radiation......Page p195
6 Synchrotron Radiation......Page p197
6.1 Theory of Radiation from an Accelerated Charge......Page p198
6.1.1 The Induction Fields......Page p199
6.1.2 The Radiation Fields......Page p201
6.2 Radiation of Accelerated e- in Magnetic Field......Page p207
6.2.1 Angular Distr. of the Radiation......Page p211
6.2.2 Freq. Distribution of Radiation......Page p213
6.3.1 Polarization in Plane of Rotation......Page p219
6.3.2 Polarization for Arbitrary Angles of Observation......Page p220
6.4.1 Velocity-Averaged Emissivity......Page p222
6.4.2 Emission from Ensemble of Electrons......Page p227
6.5.1 X Ray Emission......Page p229
6.5.3 Morphology of the Thermal X Ray Source......Page p230
6.6.1 Simulated Z Pinches......Page p233
6.6.2 Synchrotron Bursts from Simulated Z Pinches......Page p234
6.7.1 Gross Radio Properties of Galaxies......Page p236
6.7.2 Double Radio Galaxies......Page p240
6.7.3 \"Jets\" and Superluminosity......Page p244
6.7.4 Quasars & Active Galaxy Nuclei......Page p248
6.7.5 X Ray and Gamma-Ray Sources......Page p251
7 Transport of Cosmic Radiation......Page p253
7.1 Energy Transport in Plasma......Page p254
7.1.1 Group Velocity......Page p256
7.2.1 Prin. & Limitations of Geometrical Optics......Page p262
7.2.2 Equation of Transfer......Page p267
7.3 Black Body Radiation......Page p270
7.4 Source Function & Kirchoff\'s Law......Page p272
7.4.1 Cl. Lim. Emission, Absorption, & Source Functions......Page p273
7.5 Self Absorption by Plasma Filaments......Page p275
7.6 Large-Scale, Random Magnetic Field Approximation......Page p277
7.6.1 Plasma Effects......Page p279
7.6.2 Monoenergetic Electrons......Page p280
7.7 Anisotropic Distribution of Velocities......Page p281
8.1 \"In-Situ\" Obs. of Cosmic Plasmas via Computer Simulation......Page p285
8.2 History of E-m Particle-in-Cell Simulation......Page p286
8.3 The Laws of Plasma Physics......Page p287
8.4.1 Sampling Constraints in Multidimensional Particle Codes......Page p288
8.4.2 Discretization in Time & Space......Page p289
8.4.3 Spectral Methods & Interpolation......Page p291
8.5 Techniques for Solution......Page p292
8.5.1 Leap-Frogging Particles Against Fields......Page p293
8.5.2 Particle Advance Algorithm......Page p294
8.5.3 Field Advance Algorithm......Page p295
8.6.2 Relativity......Page p296
8.6.4 Collisions......Page p297
8.7 Gravitation......Page p299
8.8 Scaling Laws......Page p300
8.9 Data Management......Page p301
8.10 Further Developments in Plasma Simulation......Page p302
A.2 Def. State of the Line at a Point......Page p305
A.3 Primary Parameters......Page p306
A.4.1 The General Case......Page p307
A.4.2 Special Case of the Lossless Line......Page p308
A.5.1 The Propagation Function......Page p309
A.5.2 Characteristic Impedance......Page p311
A.5.3 Reflection Coefficients......Page p312
A.6 Time-Domain Reflectometry......Page p314
Appendix B. Polarization of E-m Waves in Plasma......Page p317
C.1 Dusty Plasma......Page p325
C.2 Grain Plasma......Page p326
Appendix D. Some Useful Units and Constants......Page p331
Appendix E. TRISTAN......Page p335
Ch. 1  Refs.......Page p345
Ch. 2  Refs.......Page p347
Ch. 3  Refs.......Page p350
Ch. 4  Refs.......Page p353
Ch. 5  Refs.......Page p355
Ch. 6  Refs.......Page p357
Ch. 7-8 Refs.......Page p359
App A-B Refs.......Page p360
App C  Refs.......Page p361
Index......Page p363