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ویرایش: 1 نویسندگان: Craig S. Fleisher, Babette E. Bensoussan سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0132161583, 9780132161589 ناشر: FT Press سال نشر: 2007 تعداد صفحات: 1629 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 10 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Business and Competitive Analysis: Effective Application of New and Classic Methods (paperback) به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب تجزیه و تحلیل تجاری و رقابتی: استفاده موثر از روشهای جدید و کلاسیک (شومیز) نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
"من معتقدم که این کتاب نیاز زیادی را هم برای متخصصان هوش رقابتی تمام وقت و هم برای کسانی که به دنبال اضافه کردن مهارت های تحلیلی به مجموعه ابزار مدیریتی خود هستند، برطرف می کند." تصمیم گیرندگان تجاری باید از فلیشر و بنسوسان سپاسگزار باشند که به آنها نشان می دهند چگونه کار تجزیه و تحلیل آنها می تواند دقیق تر شود و رویکرد آنها کمتر معمولی باشد. تقلید را قبول نکنید این مقاله واقعی است.» --شیلا رایت، مدیر ابتکار آموزش و تحقیق رابط هوش رقابتی-بازاریابی (CIMITRI) در مدرسه بازرگانی لستر، دانشگاه دی مونتفورت. سوالاتی که مدیران می پرسند - "چی؟" "پس چی؟" و "حالا چی؟" 24 تکنیک ارزشمند امروز: نحوه انتخاب آنها، نحوه استفاده از آنها برای همه کسانی که تجزیه و تحلیل انجام می دهند: مدیران، مشاوران، متخصصان عملکردی و استراتژیست ها کتاب کاملاً جدیدی از نویسندگان کتاب محبوب تجزیه و تحلیل استراتژیک و رقابتی موفقیت تجاری با وضوح عمیق آغاز می شود. در مورد رقابت و محیط کسب و کار شما اما، حتی با پیشرفت چشمگیری در جمعآوری دادهها، تعداد کمی از متخصصان کسبوکار تکنیکهای پیشرفته را برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادههای خود میدانند. اکنون یک راهنمای جامع و بسیار کاربردی برای بهترین ابزارها و تکنیک های امروزی برای پاسخ دادن به سوالات سخت و ارائه توصیه های عملی وجود دارد. تجزیه و تحلیل تجاری و رقابتی با راهنمایی پایان به انتها در مورد فرآیند تجزیه و تحلیل، از جمله تعریف مشکلات، اجتناب از دام های تحلیلی، انتخاب ابزار، و ارتباط نتایج آغاز می شود. در مرحله بعد، نویسندگان راهنماهای مفصلی را در مورد 24 مدل از ارزشمندترین مدل های تحلیل امروزی ارائه می دهند: تکنیک هایی که قبلاً هرگز در یک کتاب گرد هم نیامده اند. آنها راهنمایی های عمیق و گام به گام برای استفاده از هر تکنیک - همراه با ارزیابی های واقع بینانه ارائه می کنند. نقاط قوت، ضعف، امکان سنجی و ارزش تجاری. شما پر از داده ها هستید. این کتاب به شما کمک میکند این دادهها را به بینشها و توصیههایی عملی تبدیل کنید که تصمیمگیرندگان سازمانی نمیتوانند و نخواهند آن را نادیده بگیرند. Craig S. Fleisher و Babette E. Bensoussan با یک آغازگر عملی در مورد فرآیند و زمینه تحلیل تجاری و رقابتی شروع می کنند: چگونه کار می کند، چگونه از دام ها جلوگیری کنیم، و چگونه نتایج را منتقل کنیم. سپس روش منحصر به فرد FAROUT خود را برای انتخاب ابزار مناسب برای هر تکلیف معرفی می کنند. سپس نویسندگان 24 روش از ارزشمندترین روش های تحلیل امروزی را ارائه می دهند. آنها تکنیک های "کلاسیک" مانند مک کینزی 7S و تجزیه و تحلیل صنعت، و همچنین تکنیک های نوظهور از چندین رشته: اقتصاد، امور مالی شرکت، جامعه شناسی، انسان شناسی، و هوش و آینده پژوهی را پوشش می دهند. جوامع برای هر یک، آنها توضیحات واضح، زمینه زمینه، دلایل استراتژیک، نقاط قوت، ضعف، دستورالعمل های گام به گام و مراجع را ارائه می دهند. نتیجه کتابی است که می توانید برای مقابله با هر چالش تحلیلی، مهم نیست که چقدر پیچیده یا بدیع، به آن تکیه کنید. مبانی تجزیه و تحلیل تجاری و رقابتی اهداف، فرآیندها، دامها، تحویلها و مزایا تکنیکهای تحلیل رقابتی نه نیرو، موقعیتیابی رقابتی، مدل کسبوکار، SERVO و تجزیه و تحلیل زنجیره تامین تکنیکهای تحلیل سازمانی معیارسنجی، مککینزی 7S، سایهزنی، خط تولید، و WinzesLo تکنیک های تجزیه و تحلیل محیطی روابط استراتژیک، شهرت شرکت، عوامل موفقیت حیاتی، نیروهای محرک، و تجزیه و تحلیل ریسک کشور تکنیک های تحلیل تکاملی پیش بینی فناوری، بازی جنگ، رویداد/خط زمانی، نشانه ها و تجزیه و تحلیل های هشدار، و بیشتر تکنیک های مالی، احتمالاتی، تجربیات کم و محاسباتی ، تجزیه و تحلیل فرضیه رقابتی (ACH) و تحلیل های Linchpin فهرست مطالب: پیشگفتار 1. تجزیه و تحلیل تجاری و رقابتی: تعریف، زمینه و مزایا 2. انجام فرآیند تجزیه و تحلیل 3. اجتناب از دام های تجزیه و تحلیل 4. برقراری ارتباط مجدد تجزیه و تحلیل5. روش FAROUT 6. تجزیه و تحلیل صنعت (نه نیرو) 7. تجزیه و تحلیل موقعیت یابی رقابتی 8. تجزیه و تحلیل مدل کسب و کار 9. تجزیه و تحلیل SERVO 10. تجزیه و تحلیل مدیریت زنجیره تامین (SCM) 11. تجزیه و تحلیل محک 12. مک کینزی 7S تجزیه و تحلیل Shadowing1. تجزیه و تحلیل 15. تجزیه و تحلیل برد / باخت 16. تجزیه و تحلیل روابط استراتژیک 17. تجزیه و تحلیل شهرت شرکت 18. تجزیه و تحلیل عوامل موفقیت بحرانی 19. تجزیه و تحلیل ریسک کشور 20. تجزیه و تحلیل نیروهای محرک 21. تحلیل رویداد و جدول زمانی. و تحلیل هشدار 25. تحلیل تاریخی 26. تفسیر تحلیل آماری 27. تحلیل جریان نقدی رقیب 28. تجزیه و تحلیل فرضیه رقابتی 29. شاخص تحلیل پین
“I believe that this book will fill a great need for both full-time competitive intelligence practitioners, and those looking to add analytical skills to their managerial tool kit.”--Bill Fiora, Partner and Founder, Outward Insights “All practicing managers and business decision makers should be grateful to Fleisher and Bensoussan for showing them how their analysis work can become more rigorous and their approach less casual. Accept no imitations. This is the genuine article.” --Sheila Wright, Director of the Competitive Intelligence-Marketing Interface Teaching and Research Initiative (CIMITRI) at Leicester Business School, De Montfort University The Definitive How-To Guide for Business and Competitive Analysis Transform raw data into compelling, actionable business recommendations Answer the questions executives ask–“What?” “So What?” and “Now What?” Today’s 24 most valuable techniques: how to choose them, how to use them For everyone who performs analysis: managers, consultants, functional specialists, and strategists A completely new book by the authors of the popular Strategic and Competitive Analysis Business success begins with deep clarity about your competition and your business environment. But, even as data gathering has improved dramatically, few business professionals know the state-of-the-art techniques for analyzing their data. Now there’s a comprehensive, immensely practical guide to today’s best tools and techniques for answering tough questions and making actionable recommendations. Business and Competitive Analysis begins with end-to-end guidance on the analysis process, including defining problems, avoiding analytical pitfalls, choosing tools, and communicating results. Next, the authors offer detailed guides on 24 of today’s most valuable analysis models: techniques that have never been brought together in one book before.They offer in-depth, step-by-step guidance for using every technique–along with realistic assessments of strengths, weaknesses, feasibility, and business value. You are flooded with data. This book will help you transform that data into actionable insights and recommendations that enterprise decision makers cannot and will not ignore. Craig S. Fleisher and Babette E. Bensoussan begin with a practical primer on the process and context of business and competitive analysis: how it works, how to avoid pitfalls, and how to communicate results. Next, they introduce their unique FAROUT method for choosing the right tools for each assignment. The authors then present 24 of today’s most valuable analysis methods.They cover “classic” techniques, such as McKinsey 7S and industry analysis, as well as emerging techniques from multiple disciplines:economics,corporate finance, sociology, anthropology, and the intelligence and futurist communities. For each, they present clear descriptions, background context, strategic rationales, strengths, weaknesses, step-by-step instructions, and references. The result is a book you can rely on to meet any analysis challenge, no matter how complex or novel. The fundamentals of business and competitive analysisGoals, processes, pitfalls, deliverables, and benefits Competitive analysis techniquesNine Forces, Competitive Positioning, Business Model, SERVO, and Supply Chain Analyses Enterprise analysis techniquesBenchmarking, McKinsey 7S, Shadowing, Product Line, and Win/Loss Analyses Environmental analysis techniquesStrategic Relationships, Corporate Reputation, Critical Success Factors, Driving Forces, and Country Risk Analyses Evolutionary analysis techniquesTechnology Forecasting,War Gaming, Event/Timeline, Indications and Warning Analyses, and more Financial, probabilistic, and statistical techniquesBasic Statistics, Competitor Cash Flow, Analysis of Competing Hypothesis (ACH), and Linchpin Analyses Table of Contents: Preface 1. Business and Competitive Analysis: Definition, Context, and Benefits 2. Performing the Analysis Process 3. Avoiding Analysis Pitfalls 4. Communicating Analysis Results 5. Applying the FAROUT method 6. Industry Analysis (The Nine Forces) 7. Competitive Positioning Analysis 8. Business Model Analysis 9. SERVO Analysis 10. Supply Chain Management (SCM) Analysis 11. Benchmarking Analysis 12. McKinsey 7S Analysis 13. Shadowing 14. Product Line Analysis 15. Win/Loss Analysis 16. Strategic Relationship Analysis 17. Corporate Reputation Analysis 18. Critical Success Factors Analysis 19. Country Risk Analysis 20. Driving Forces Analysis 21. Event and Timeline Analysis 22. Technology Forecasting 23. War Gaming 24. Indications and Warning Analysis 25. Historiographical Analysis 26. Interpretation of Statistical Analysis 27. Competitor Cash Flow Analysis 28. Analysis of Competing Hypothesis 29. Linchpin Analysis Index
Cover Contents Acknowledgments About the Authors Preface 1 Business and Competitive Analysis: Definition, Context, and Benefits Understanding the Terminology Competitive Strategic Analysis Intelligence Analysis as a Component in the Intelligence Cycle Competitive Analysis and Decision Making The Competitive Context Facing Contemporary Enterprises Contemporary Context Facing the Analyst Shifting Organizational Priorities for Analysts and Analysis Summary References Endnotes 2 Performing the Analysis Process Understanding the Customers of Analysis Defining the Analysis Problem Identifying the Scope of the Analysis Intelligence Analysis at Differing Organizational Levels Strategic Intelligence Analysis (SIA) Tactical Intelligence Analysis (TIA) Operational Intelligence Analysis (OIA) Evaluating the Inputs to Analysis Making Sense of the Analysis Facts Perceptions Beliefs Assumptions Projections Synthesis Infrastructure to Support the Analysis Process Intelligence Solutions Limitations of Intelligence Solutions Managing the Internal Network Managing the External Network Proactivity, Efficiency, and Perpetual Learning Summary Fleisher and Bensoussan\'s 10 Commandments for Business and Competitive Analysis References Endnotes 3 Avoiding Analysis Pitfalls Analysis of Failure Failure Location Sources of Failure Four-Level Hierarchical Model of Analysis Failures Individual Analyst-Level Failures Analysis Task-Level Failures Internal Organizational-Level Failures External Environment-Level Failures Overcoming the Barriers and Improving Analysis Performance Provide Empowerment Realize the Value of Analysis Value the Link Between Analysis and Success Ask the Right Questions Develop Recognized Analysis Training Measure Performance Appropriately Position the Analyst Correctly Provide the Right Tools Differentiate the Task Summary References Endnotes 4 Communicating Analysis Results The Art of Effective Communication Packaging the Results of Your Analysis Delivering the Message Face-to-Face Briefings Written Reports and Briefings Presentations in Meetings, Seminars, and Workshops E-Mail/Instant Messaging Intelligence Systems Exercises and Planning Sessions Common Products and Reports Used by Analysts News Bulletins and Newsletters Assessments Competitor Profiles Strategic Impact Worksheets Intelligence Briefings Situation Analysis Special Intelligence Summaries Creating the Report Communication Difficulties Faced by Analysts Effective Listening and Answering the Questions of Decision Makers Conduct Communication Follow-Up and Gather Feedback Pragmatic Considerations Summary References Endnotes 5 Applying the FAROUT Method Applying the Techniques An Evaluation Scheme for Assessing the Adequacy of Tools and Techniques: FAROUT Using the FAROUT Rating System References Endnotes 6 Industry Analysis (The Nine Forces) Short Description Background General Environment Operating Environment/Industry Analysis Internal Environment Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Case Study: Rating the Nine Forces Model in the Australian Airline Industry Barriers to Entry—Weighting 9 Bargaining Power of Buyers—Weighting 6 Bargaining Power of Suppliers—Weighting 6 Government—Weighting 6 Social—Weighting 5 Competitors—Weighting 9 Technology—Weighting 8 Substitutes—Weighting 3 International—Weighting 6 FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 7 Competitive Positioning Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Develop and Build on the Firm\'s Position Maintain and Hold the Firm\'s Strong Market Position Defend a Dominant Position Withdraw from a Market Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Identify Current Strategy and Market/Product/Project Parameters Conduct Analysis Review Results and Formulate Positioning Strategy Summary Case Study: Financial Services FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 8 Business Model Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications The Business Model Classification of Business Models Strengths and Advantages Comprehensive Detailed Understanding Integration of Value Delivery Mechanism Innovation Weaknesses and Limitations Disruption from Outside the Industry Innovation Market Orientation Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Articulate the Value Proposition Step 2: Specify the Target Segment Step 3: Determine Competitors Step 4: Evaluate the Value Chain and the Cost Model Step 5: Evaluate the Value Network Step 6: Determine the Revenue Model for the Firm Step 7: Determine the Critical Success Factors for the Industry Step 8: Complete an Analysis Grid Detailing Each Element of the Business Model Case Study: Dell Computer and the Printer Market FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 9 SERVO Analysis Short Description Background Strategy Environment Resources Values Organization Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Evaluate the Current Performance of the Firm Step 2: Assess the Current Strategy and Discern Whether Change Is Necessary Step 3: Develop and Evaluate Strategic Options and Programs FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 10 Supply Chain Management (SCM) Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Rules and Tools Case Study: A Tale of Two Supply Chains: Best Buy vs. Sears/Kmart FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 11 Benchmarking Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Taxonomy of Benchmarking Strengths and Advantages Powerful Competitive Analysis Tool Objective Stretch Goal Setting and Performance Measurement Flexibility Removal of Blindspots Improves Cost Efficiencies and Quality Not Reinventing the Wheel but Redesigning It Media Recognition Requirement for Other Certifications Creates an Innovative Culture Open to New Ideas Weaknesses and Limitations Copycat Syndrome High Rate of Failure What Works Well in One Organization Might Not Work in Another Benchmarking Is Resource Intensive No Firm Does Everything the Best Low-Performing Firms Have a Disadvantage Some High-Performing Companies May Not Be Willing to Share Information Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Identify the Processes That Need to Be Benchmarked Step 2: Identify Performance Measures Step 3: Evaluate Your Own Firm\'s Capabilities Step 4: Identify Firms to Be Benchmarked Step 5: Conduct Research of Selected Firms Step 6: Analyze the Collected Data and Develop an Action Plan Case Study: Delivery of Packages by Federal Express Step 1: Identify the Process That Needs to Be Benchmarked Step 2: Identify Performance Measures Step 3: Evaluate Own Firm\'s Capabilities Step 4: Identify Firms to Be Benchmarked Step 5: Conduct Research from Selected Firms Step 6: Analyze the Collected Data and Develop an Action Plan FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 12 McKinsey 7S Analysis Short Description Background Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Case Study: Privatization of Kenya Airways in the New Millennium FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 13 Shadowing Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Shadow Teams Team Composition Team Structure Performance Goals Shadowing Developing a Shadow Market Plan Case Study: Illuminating Strategy by Shadowing Sources of Information Inferences Confirmation Tentative Conclusions Monitoring Mini Case Studies Case 1—Deregulating Utility Case 2—Packaged-Food Multinational Case 3—Ready-to-Eat Foods Case 4—Pharmaceutical Firm FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 14 Product Line Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Initial Product Audit Step 2: Assess the Product Relative to Its Position in the Product Life Cycle Case Study: eBay, Inc. in 2004 FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 15 Win/Loss Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Determine the Target Segments and Identify Prospects Step 2: Understand Internal Cultural Issues Step 3: Develop the Questionnaire Step 4: Preparation for the Interviews Step 5: Conducting Interviews Step 6: Analysis and Interpretation Step 7: Dissemination Case Study: Microsoft Business Solutions Understanding the Environment Learning from Their Losses Leveraging the Data Keeping Current FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 16 Strategic Relationship Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale Purposes Served by SRs Two Key Strategic Relationship Processes Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique 1. Studying Your Own Firm\'s Relationship Formation Readiness 2. Studying a Rival\'s Relationships FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 17 Corporate Reputation Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Universal Bottom Line Competitive Differentiation Qualitative Weaknesses and Limitations Practical Uses Reliability of Results Return on Investment Process for Applying the Technique Reputation Quotient Focused CRA Media Ranking and Monitoring Reputation Management Case Study FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 18 Critical Success Factors Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Leidecker and Bruno\'s Identification Techniques Determining Critical Success Factor Importance Summary FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 19 Country Risk Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Economic Risk Transfer Risk Exchange Risk Location/Neighborhood Risk Sovereign Risk Political Risk Case Study: Zyboldt Metals (ZMC) Expansion into Eastern Europe Hungary Ukraine FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 20 Driving Forces Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Identifying an Industry\'s DFs Step 2: Assessing the Impact of the DFs Summary Case Study: The Digital Music Industry FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 21 Event and Timeline Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Plot the Target Firm\'s History of Key Events on a Line Develop a Chronological Table of Events Develop an Events Matrix Event and Causal Factors Analysis Case Study Timelines in Competitive Analysis Development of the Timeline FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 22 Technology Forecasting Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique 1. Delphi Technique—Expert Opinion 2. Trend Extrapolation 3. Growth Curves 4. Historical Analogy 5. Scenarios 6. Morphological Analysis 7. Relevance Trees 8. Monitoring Using the Information Case Study: Bell Canada and the Delphi Process FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 23 War Gaming Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Is a War Game the Way to Go? Step 2: Getting a Business War Game Off the Ground Step 3: Who Should Play? Step 4: Preparing for Your War Game Step 5: Playing the Game Step 6: After the Game Case Study FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 24 Indications and Warning Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Establish the Set of Indicators Step 2: Establish Meaning Behind Indicators Step 3: Validate and Rank Indicators Against Threshold Levels to Determine When Warnings Need to Be Issued Step 4: Determine and Recommend Appropriate Firm Responses to the Warning Summary FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 25 Historiographical Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1—Develop a General Proposition Step 2—Collect Primary Information Step 3—Collect Secondary Information Step 4—Select the Best Sources for the Third Draft Step 5—Reporting Case Study—Australian Menswear Retailer FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 26 Interpretation of Statistical Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Percentage Changes Percentiles and Quartiles Normal Distribution and Bell Curve Summarizing Data with One Value—Central Tendency Standard Deviation Comparing Data Regression Analysis Correlation P-Values FAROUT Summary Related Techniques References Endnotes 27 Competitor Cash Flow Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Processes for Applying This Technique Future Cash Flow Analysis Tip Sheet on Cash Flow Analysis Case Studies Historic Cash Flow Analysis: Burns Philp Future Cash Flow Analysis: Power Brewing FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 28 Analysis of Competing Hypotheses Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Step 1: Identify the Possible Hypotheses to Be Considered Step 2: List the Significant Evidence in Support of and Against Each Hypothesis Step 3: Prepare a Matrix with Hypotheses Across the Top and Evidence Down the Side Step 4: Refine the Matrix Step 5: Draw Tentative Conclusions About the Relative Likelihood of Each Hypothesis by Trying to Disprove It Step 6: Analyze How Sensitive Your Conclusion Is to a Few Critical Pieces of Evidence Step 7: Report Conclusions Step 8: Identify Milestones for Future Observation That May Indicate Events Are Taking a Different Course Than Expected Summary FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes 29 Linchpin Analysis Short Description Background Strategic Rationale and Implications Strengths and Advantages Weaknesses and Limitations Process for Applying the Technique Linchpin Assumption Sensitivity Analysis Process for Using Linchpin Analysis in Assessing Risk FAROUT Summary Related Tools and Techniques References Endnotes Index A B C D E F G H I J–K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z