Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System (Third Edition)

CoverPage......Page 1
FrontMatter......Page 2
TitlePage......Page 4
CopyRight......Page 5
Contents (Brief)......Page 6
Contents (Detailed)......Page 7
Preface......Page 16
List of Contributors......Page 18
PART I: INTRODUCTION......Page 23
001 Development and Differentiation ofAutonomic Neurons......Page 25
002 Central Autonomic Control......Page 31
003 Imaging of Brainstem Sites Involved inCardiovascular Control......Page 35
004 Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System......Page 39
005 Cotransmission......Page 49
PART II: BIOCHEMICAL ANDPHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS......Page 57
006 Noradrenergic Neurotransmission......Page 59
007 Tyrosine Hydroxylase......Page 67
008 Antidepressant-Sensitive NorepinephrineTransporters......Page 70
009 α1-Adrenergic Receptors......Page 73
010 a2-Adrenergic Receptors......Page 77
011 β-Adrenergic Receptors......Page 81
012 Dopaminergic Neurotransmission......Page 85
013 Dopamine Receptors......Page 89
014 Cholinergic Neurotransmission......Page 93
015 Acetylcholine and Muscarinic Receptors......Page 97
016 Nicotinic Receptors......Page 101
017 Serotonin Receptors andNeurotransmission......Page 105
018 Purinergic Neurotransmission andNucleotide Receptors......Page 109
019 Adenosine Receptors and AutonomicRegulation......Page 117
020 Nitric Oxide and Autonomic Regulation......Page 121
021 Glutamatergic Neurotransmission......Page 125
022 GABAergic Neurotransmission......Page 131
023 Renin-Angiotensin......Page 135
024 Aldosterone and the MineralocorticoidReceptor......Page 139
025 Vasopressin and Disorders ofWater Homeostasis......Page 143
026 Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide andAdrenomedullin......Page 149
027 Leptin Signaling and Energy Homeostasis......Page 153
028 The Endothelin System......Page 157
029 Pharmacology of theNucleous Tractus Solitarii......Page 163
PART III: AUTONOMIC PHYSIOLOGY......Page 167
030 Entrainment of Sympathetic Rhythms......Page 169
031 Cross-talk Between Body Systems......Page 173
032 Circadian Rhythms andAutonomic Function......Page 179
033 Baroreceptor Reflexes......Page 183
034 Genetic Determinants of BaroreflexFunction......Page 189
035 Cardiac and Other Visceral Afferents......Page 193
036 Autonomic Control of the Heart......Page 199
037 Cardiac Vagal Ganglia......Page 203
038 Neural Control of Blood Vessels......Page 209
039 Physiology of Upright Posture......Page 215
040 Cerebral Circulation......Page 219
041 Autonomic Control of the Lower Airways......Page 223
042 Gastrointestinal Function......Page 227
043 The Splanchnic Circulation......Page 233
044 Autonomic Control of the Kidney......Page 237
045 Dopamine Mechanisms in the Kidney......Page 243
046 Autonomic Control of the Lower UrinaryTract......Page 246
047 Bladder Function in Health and Disease......Page 251
048 Physiology and Pathophysiology of FemaleSexual Function......Page 257
049 Control of the Pupil......Page 261
050 Central Thermoregulation......Page 265
051 Sweating......Page 271
052 Regulation of Metabolism......Page 275
053 Autonomic Innervation of the Skeleton......Page 279
054 Autonomic Innervation of the Skeleton......Page 283
055 Autonomic Control During Pregnancy......Page 287
PART IV:  STRESS......Page 291
056 Aging and the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 293
057 Exercise......Page 297
058 Effects of High Altitude......Page 303
059 Space Physiology......Page 305
060 Hypothermia and Hyperthermia......Page 309
061 Psychological Stress and the AutonomicNervous System......Page 313
062 Mind–Body Interactions......Page 317
PART V: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS......Page 323
063 Alpha-Synuclein and Neurodegeneration......Page 325
064 Insulin Resistance and the AutonomicNervous System......Page 329
065 Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure......Page 335
066 Endothelial Dysfunction......Page 341
067 Inflammation, Immunity and theAutonomic Nervous System......Page 347
068 Oxygen Sensing......Page 353
069 Reactive Oxygen Species andOxidative Stress......Page 357
PART VI: CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS......Page 361
070 Neurally Mediated Syncope......Page 363
071 Sympatho-Vagal Imbalancein Hypertension......Page 367
072 Baroreflex Failure......Page 371
073 Blood Pressure Variability......Page 377
074 Obesity-Associated Hypertension......Page 381
075 Orthostatic Hypertension......Page 385
076 Heart Failure......Page 389
077 Stress Cardiomyopathy andTakotsubo Syndrome......Page 393
078 Clinical Evaluation of AutonomicDisorders......Page 399
079 Tilt Table Studies......Page 405
080 Sympathetic Microneurography......Page 411
081 Clinical Applications of Microneurography......Page 415
082 Clinical Sympathetic Imaging......Page 421
083 Assessment of the Autonomic Control ofthe Cardiovascular System......Page 427
084 Assessment of Sudomotor Function......Page 431
085 Cutaneous Autonomic Innervation......Page 435
PART VII: CATECHOLAMINE DISORDERS......Page 441
086 Pheochromocytoma......Page 443
087 Deficiencies of Tetrahydrobiopterin,Tyrosine Hydroxylase and AromaticL-Amino Acid Decarboxylase......Page 449
088 Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Deficiency......Page 453
089 Menkes Disease and Other ATP7A-RelatedPhenotypes......Page 457
090 Norepinephrine Transporter Deficiency......Page 461
091 Monoamine Oxidase Deficiency......Page 465
092 Congenital Central HypoventilationSyndrome (CCHS) and PHOX2B Mutations......Page 467
PART VIII: AUTONOMIC SYNUCLEINOPATHIES......Page 473
093 Multiple System Atrophy......Page 475
094 Parkinson’s Disease......Page 481
095 Dementia with Lewy Bodies......Page 485
096 Pure Autonomic Failure......Page 489
PART IX: PERIPHERAL AUTONOMICDISORDERS......Page 493
097 Diagnostic Workup of PeripheralNeuropathies with Dysautonomia......Page 495
098 Diabetic Autonomic Dysfunction......Page 499
099 Amyloidotic Autonomic Failure......Page 505
100 Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy......Page 511
101 Guillain–Barré Syndrome......Page 515
102 Hereditary Autonomic Neuropathies......Page 517
103 Familial Dysautonomia......Page 521
PART X: AUTONOMIC DISORDERS......Page 525
104 Autonomic Disturbances in Spinal CordInjuries......Page 527
105 Drug-Induced Autonomic Dysfunction......Page 533
PART XI: ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE......Page 537
106 Postural Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)......Page 539
107 Mechanisms of Postural TachycardiaSyndrome......Page 543
108 Symptoms and Signs of PosturalTachycardia Syndrome (POTS)......Page 547
109 Delayed Orthostatic Hypotension......Page 551
110 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and theAutonomic Nervous System......Page 553
111 Joint Hypermobility Syndrome andDysautonomia......Page 557
PART XII: SPECIAL CLINICAL CONDITIONS......Page 561
112 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome......Page 563
113 Migraine and the Autonomic NervousSystem......Page 567
114 Epilepsy and Autonomic Regulation......Page 570
115 Disorders of Sweating......Page 575
116 Male Erectile Dysfunction......Page 583
117 Sleep Apnea......Page 587
118 Altered Adrenal Function and theAutonomic Nervous System......Page 593
119 Mastocytosis......Page 597
120 Cocaine Overdose......Page 599
121 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome......Page 605
122 Carcinoid Tumors......Page 611
123 Paraneoplastic Autonomic Dysfunction......Page 615
124 Abdominal Pain and Cyclic Vomiting......Page 619
125 Fecal Incontinence......Page 623
PART XIII: MANAGEMENT OF AUTONOMICDISORDERS......Page 625
126 Panic Disorder......Page 627
127 Physical Measures......Page 631
128 Water and the Osmopressor Response......Page 635
129 Droxidopa (L-DOPS)......Page 639
130 Midodrine, Adrenergic Agonists andAntagonists......Page 643
131 Agents Potentiating Sympathetic Tone......Page 649
132 Acetylcholinesterase andits Inhibitors......Page 653
133 Fludrocortisone......Page 657
134 Acarbose......Page 661
135 Erythropoietin in Autonomic Failure......Page 665
136 Somatostatin Agonists......Page 667
137 Harnessing the Autonomic Nervous Systemfor Therapeutic Intervention......Page 671
138 Acupuncture Regulation ofCardiovascular Function......Page 675
139 Bionic Baroreflex......Page 681
PART XIV: EXPERIMENTAL AUTONOMICNEUROSCIENCE......Page 685
140 Anesthetic Management in AutonomicDisorders......Page 687
141 Evolution of the CardiovascularAutonomic Nervous System in Vertebrates......Page 691
142 Human Physiome......Page 697
143 Modeling the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 703
144 Optogenetics......Page 711
Index......Page 715