Law and Development Perspective on International Trade Law

Contents......Page 6
About the Editors and Authors......Page 10
ABOUT THE LAW AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Introduction......Page 18
PART I DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE......Page 22
I. INTRODUCTION: POVERTY, TRADE, AND REGULATORY ISSUES......Page 24
A. Microtrade– Linking the World Market with Local Production......Page 27
B. Economic Mechanism of Microtrade......Page 30
a. Matching Supply and Demand......Page 33
b. Shipping and Distribution......Page 35
c. Financing and Production......Page 36
III. SETTING REGULATORY FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT MICROTRADE......Page 37
IV. CONCLUSION: TRADE RATHER THAN AID......Page 41
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 46
A. Development Disputes Transcend International Development Law......Page 48
B. Development Disputes Transcend Developing–Developed Country Disputes over Differential Treatment......Page 50
C. Development Disputes Are Disputes That Affect Development Policy......Page 51
A. Disputes Relating to Economic Development Policy......Page 53
B. Disputes Relating to Rights-Based Development Policy......Page 55
C. Disputes Relating to Sustainable Development Policy......Page 56
IV. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT DISPUTES IN THE WTO......Page 57
A. Constraining Development Disputes: Challenges to Members’ Economic Development Policy as WTO-Inconsistent......Page 58
B. Enabling Development Disputes: Challenges to Members’ Measures Constraining the Economic Development Policy of Other Members......Page 60
C. Defensive Development Disputes: Challenges to Members’ Measures Harmful to the Economic Development of Other Members, in Particular, Developing Countries......Page 61
V. ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT DISPUTES IN THE WTO......Page 62
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 66
II. INTERNATIONALIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY......Page 70
A. Overview......Page 77
B. Granting Patent Protection......Page 79
C. Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights......Page 82
D. Exceptions to Owner Rights......Page 83
E. Technology Transfers and Competition Policy......Page 85
IV. CONCLUSION......Page 89
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 98
II. OCEAN TRANSIT......Page 100
III. CLAIMS IN WTO LAW......Page 103
IV. NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 109
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 116
PART II LAW AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION......Page 120
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 122
A. Current Organization......Page 124
B. Case for the Council for Trade and Development......Page 125
C. Role of the Council for Trade and Development......Page 126
a. Development Assistance Policy Implementation......Page 127
III. RECLAIMING DEVELOPMENT IN WTO DISCIPLINES......Page 128
a. Article XVIII......Page 129
b. GATT Articles XXXVI–XXXVIII......Page 130
c. Enabling Clause......Page 131
d. Special and Differential Treatment Provisions......Page 132
a. The Agreement on Development Facilitation......Page 133
b. Adjustment to Tariff Bindings54......Page 134
c. Subsidy Treatment64......Page 136
d. The Suspension of Antidumping Measures, Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
Agreement, and TRIPS Agreement......Page 138
e. Extension of Special Treatment for LDCs......Page 143
IV. CONCLUSION......Page 144
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 147
A. Overview......Page 151
B. The ITO......Page 152
C. The Uruguayan Case......Page 153
A. Early GATT Rounds......Page 154
B. Haberler Report......Page 155
C. Dillon Round......Page 156
D. The Kennedy Round......Page 157
E. Tokyo Round......Page 158
IV. WAS SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT THE MAIN OBJECTIVE AND FOCUS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE GATT?......Page 159
A. Reciprocity and MFN......Page 160
C. Part IV of the GATT......Page 161
D. Enabling Clause......Page 162
V. THE URUGUAY ROUND (1986–1993)......Page 163
A. Launching the Uruguay Round (Punta del Este, December 1986)......Page 164
b. Textiles......Page 166
d. Services......Page 167
e. Assessment of the Role of Developing Countries......Page 168
c. TRIPS......Page 169
e. Assessment of the Role of Developing Countries......Page 170
d. Services......Page 171
e. Conclusion of the Uruguay Round......Page 172
f. Assessment of the Role of Developing Countries......Page 173
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 174
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 178
II. CAUSES OF THE IMBALANCE......Page 180
A. Lack of Resources......Page 181
B. Lack of Leverage to Enforce WTO Rulings......Page 184
C. High Indirect Costs......Page 186
A. Global Financial Crisis......Page 187
B. Climate Change......Page 188
C. Changes in the Economic Balance of Power......Page 189
A. Greater Legal Assistance and Attorneys Fees......Page 190
B. Monetary Damages......Page 191
V. CONCLUSION......Page 192
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 196
A. Work on Trade, SIDS and Development......Page 197
B. Tonga, Vanuatu, and Samoa: Economic Background......Page 199
C. Special Problems of SIDS......Page 205
A. Introduction to the Accession Process......Page 208
B. Provisions on Accessions......Page 209
Membership Has Its Benefits......Page 210
The Accession Process......Page 211
C. A Commitment Too Far: Vanuatu......Page 214
D. Changes in Accessions Policy......Page 215
E. Conclusion......Page 216
A. Introduction......Page 217
Tariff Preferences......Page 218
Longer Transition Periods......Page 220
Technical Assistance......Page 221
Categorization of “Developing Countries” and “LDCs”......Page 223
A. WTO-Lite– Differentiated Undertakings......Page 227
B. Accessions Disciplines......Page 229
C. Operationalizing SDT......Page 230
VI. CONCLUSION......Page 231
PART III LAW AND DEVELOPMENT IN FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS......Page 240
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 242
II. THE REGULATION OF RTAS UNDER THE WTO LAW......Page 244
III. THE ECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR NORTH–SOUTH RTAS......Page 249
IV. THE RISKS OF NORTH–SOUTH RTAS......Page 254
V. ENHANCING THE PROSPECT OF NORTH–SOUTH RTAS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 256
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 257
I. PROLIFERATION OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS......Page 263
II. PROLIFERATION OF FTAS AND THE INTERESTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 266
A. An Overview......Page 269
B. Key Provisions of Article XXIV of the GATT......Page 270
C. Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XXIV of GATT 1994......Page 271
D. “Shall not be on the whole higher or more restrictive than before”......Page 274
A. An Overview......Page 275
B. Investment......Page 277
C. Competition Policy......Page 280
D. Trade Remedies......Page 282
a. Procedures in BITs......Page 286
b. Procedures in FTAs......Page 287
V. CONCLUSION– SHOULD THERE BE AN FTA NETWORK?......Page 289
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 294
A. Obligations to Enact National Labor Laws......Page 296
B. Obligations to Enforce National Labor Laws......Page 298
C. Respect for Regulatory, Investigative, and Prosecutorial Discretion and Resource Constraints at the National Level......Page 299
D. Treaty Dispute Resolution Procedures......Page 300
E. Conclusions on Recent U.S. FTAs......Page 301
III. RECENT EU INITIATIVES......Page 302
A. General Contours of Council Regulation (EC) No. 732/2008......Page 303
B. International Legal Rules Applicable to GSP Arrangements......Page 305
C. Concerns Regarding the Legality of Council Regulation (EC) No.732/2008......Page 306
D. “Development. . .Needs,” “Sustainable Development,” and Human Rights......Page 309
IV. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS......Page 312
I. REGIONALISM IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT......Page 314
II. DEVELOPMENT AND FREE TRADE......Page 317
III. OPTIMAL COMBINATION WITH FDI?......Page 323
IV. CONCLUSION......Page 326
PART IV LAW AND DEVELOPMENT IN REGIONAL INITIATIVES......Page 332
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 334
II. THE PROBLEMS OF A UNITARY DEVELOPMENT POLICY......Page 335
A. Inefficiency......Page 336
C. Lack of Predictability – Which States Are the Developing Countries?......Page 337
III. CHINA AS A DEVELOPING COUNTRY AND THE UNITARY DEVELOPMENT POLICY......Page 339
IV. A PROPOSAL FOR SUBSTATE REGIONAL TRADE DEVELOPMENT......Page 342
V. CONCLUSION......Page 347
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 351
II. EVOLUTION OF THE GSP SCHEMES......Page 353
A. The GSP Schemes of the European Union......Page 354
B. The GSP Schemes of the United States......Page 358
III. THE U.S. GSP SCHEMES AND THE LDCS......Page 362
IV. PROBLEMS WITH GSP SCHEMES AND FEASIBLE REMEDIES......Page 364
C. Supply Constraints in the LDCs......Page 368
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 369
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 373
A. Earlier Success and Economic Decline of North Korea......Page 375
B. North Koreas Economic Reform Policies and Limitations......Page 377
A. A New Model for Economic Development......Page 382
B. Public Health in North Korea......Page 387
C. Legal Reform for Economic Development......Page 388
IV. CONCLUSION......Page 390
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 393
A. Definition of the Specificity Requirement......Page 395
B. The History of the Specificity Test in the SCM Agreement......Page 396
C. Inherent Problems in the Concept......Page 399
III. SPECIFICITY OF THE TWO FREE, THREE HALF TAX PROGRAM IN THE CFS CASE......Page 401
B. USDOCs Position and an Evaluation......Page 405
IV. ARE OWNERSHIP-SPECIFIC SUBSIDIES COUNTERVAILABLE?......Page 406
V. POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 408
17 Nonconclusions......Page 412
Epilogue......Page 420
Index......Page 422