An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory

Book Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 8
Preface......Page 13
Introduction......Page 18
1. MODELS OF POPULATION GROWTH......Page 20
1.1 Model 1 : Discrete, Nonoverlapping Generations......Page 22
1.2 Model 2: Continuous Random Births and Deaths......Page 24
1.3 Model 3: Overlapping Generations,Discrete Time Intervals......Page 28
1.4 Model 4: Overlapping Generations,Continuous Change......Page 34
1.5 Fisher\'s Measure of Reproductive Value......Page 37
1.6 Regulation of Population Number......Page 39
1.7 Problems......Page 47
2. RANDOMLY MATING POPULATIONS......Page 48
2.1 Gene Frequency and Genotype Frequency......Page 49
2.2 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle......Page 51
2.3 Multiple Alleles......Page 57
2.4 X-linked Loci......Page 58
2.5 Different Initial Gene Frequencies in the Two Sexes......Page 61
2.6 Two Loci......Page 64
2.7 More Than Two Loci......Page 67
2.8 Polyploidy......Page 69
2.9 Subdivision of a Population: Wahlund\'s Principle......Page 71
2.10 Random-mating Proportions in a Finite Population......Page 72
2.11 Problems......Page 73
3. INBREEDING......Page 78
3.1 Decrease in Heterozygosity with Inbreeding......Page 79
3.2 Wright\'s Inbreeding Coefficient, f......Page 81
3.3 Coefficients of Consanguinity and Relationship......Page 85
3.4 Computation of f from Pedigrees......Page 86
3.5 Phenotypic Effects of Consanguineous Matings......Page 90
3.6 The Effect of Inbreeding on Quantitative Characters......Page 94
3.7 Some Examples of Inbreeding Effects......Page 98
3.8 Regular Systems of Inbreeding......Page 102
3.9 Inbreeding with Two Loci......Page 112
3.10 Effect of Inbreeding on the Variance......Page 116
3.11 The Inbreeding Effect of a Finite Population......Page 118
3.12 Hierarchical Structure of Populations......Page 121
3.13 Effective Population Number......Page 126
3.14 Problems......Page 128
4. CORRELATION BETWEEN RELATIVES AND ASSORTATIVE MATING......Page 132
4.1 Genetic Variance with Dominance and Epistasis,and with Random Mating......Page 133
4.2 Variance Components with Dominance and Inbreeding......Page 147
4.3 Identity Relations Between Relatives......Page 149
4.4 Correlation Between Relatives......Page 153
4.5 Comparison of Consanguineous and Assortative Mating......Page 158
4.6 Assortative Mating for a Single Locus......Page 160
4.7 Assortative Mating for a Simple Multifactorial Trait......Page 165
4.8 Multiple Alleles,Unequal Gene Effects,and Unequal Gene Frequencies......Page 170
4.9 Effect of Dominance and Environment......Page 173
4.10 Effect of Assortative Mating on theCorrelation Between Relatives......Page 175
4.11 Other Models of Assortative Mating......Page 178
4.12 Disassortative-mating and Self-sterility Systems......Page 183
4.13 Problems......Page 188
5. SELECTION......Page 190
5.1 Discrete Generations: Complete Selection......Page 192
5.2 Discrete Generations: Partial Selection......Page 195
5.3 Continuous Model with Overlapping Generations......Page 207
5.4 The Effects of Linkage and Epistasis......Page 212
5.5 Fisher\'s Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection: Single Locus with Random Mating......Page 222
5.6 The Fundamental Theorem: Nonrandom Mating and Variable Fitnesses......Page 227
5.7 The Fundamental Theorem: Effects of Linkage and Epistasis......Page 234
5.8 Thresholds and Truncation Selection for a Quantitative Trait......Page 242
5.9 A Maximum Principle for Natural Selection......Page 247
5.10 The Change of Variance with Selection......Page 253
5.11 Selection Between and Within Groups......Page 256
5.12 Haldane\'s Cost of Natural Selection......Page 261
5.13 Problems......Page 270
6. POPULATIONS IN APPROXIMATE EQUILIBRIUM......Page 272
6.1 Factors Maintaining Gene Frequency Equilibria......Page 273
6.2 Equilibrium Between Selection and Mutation......Page 275
6.3 Equilibrium Under Mutation Pressure......Page 279
6.4 Mutation and Selection with Multiple Alleles......Page 281
6.5 Selection and Migration......Page 284
6.6 Equilibrium Between Migration and Random Drift......Page 285
6.7 Equilibrium Under Selection: Single Locus with Two Alleles......Page 287
6.8 Selective Equilibrium with Multiple Alleles......Page 289
6.9 Some Other Equilibria Maintainedby Balanced Selective Forces......Page 295
6.10 Selection and the Sex Ratio......Page 305
6.11 Stabilizing Selection......Page 310
6.12 Average Fitness and Genetic Loads......Page 314
6.13 Evolutionary Advantages of Mendelian Inheritance......Page 330
6.14 Problems......Page 334
7. PROPERTIES OF A FINITE POPULATION......Page 336
7.1 Increase of Homozygosity Due to Random Gene Frequency Drift......Page 337
7.2 Amount of Heterozygosity and Effective Number of Neutral Alleles in a Finite Population......Page 339
7.3 Change of Mean and Variance in Gene Frequency Due to Random Drift......Page 344
7.4 Change of Gene Frequency Moments with Random Drift......Page 348
7.5 The Variance of a Quantitative CharacterWithin and Between Subdivided Populations......Page 356
7.6 Effective Population Number......Page 362
7.7 Problems......Page 382
8. STOCHASTIC PROCESSES IN THE CHANGE OF GENE FREQUENCIES......Page 384
8.1 The Rate of Evolution by Mutation and Random Drift......Page 385
8.3 The Diffusion Equation Method......Page 388
8.4 The Process of Random Genetic Drift Due to Random Sampling of Gametes......Page 399
8.5 Change of Gene Frequency Under Linear Pressureand Random Sampling of Gametes......Page 406
8.6 Change of Gene Frequency Under Selectionand Random Sampling of Gametes......Page 413
8.7 Change of Gene Frequency Due to Random Fluctuation of Selection Intensities......Page 431
8.8 Probability of Fixation of Mutant Genes......Page 435
8.9 The Average Number of Generations Until Fixationof a Mutant Gene in a Finite Population......Page 447
9. DISTRIBUTION OF GENE FREQUENCIES IN POPULATIONS......Page 450
9.1 Wright\'s Formula for the Gene Frequency Distribution......Page 451
9.2 Distribution of Gene Frequencies AmongSubgroups Under Linear Pressure......Page 453
9.3 Distribution of Gene FrequenciesUnder Selection and Reversible Mutation......Page 459
9.4 Distribution of Lethal Genes......Page 462
9.5 Effect of Random Fluctuation in SelectionIntensity on the Distribution of Gene Frequencies......Page 467
9.6 Number of Neutral AllelesMaintained in a Finite Population......Page 470
9.7 The Number of OverdominantAlleles in a Finite Population......Page 474
9.8 The Number of Heterozygous Nucleotide Sites Per Individual Maintained in a Finite Populationby Mutation......Page 483
9.9 Decrease of Genetic Correlation with Distance in the Stepping-stone Model of Population Structure......Page 486
Appendix: Some Statistical and Mathematical Methods Frequently Used in Population Genetics......Page 496
Bibliography......Page 534
Glossary and Index of Symbols......Page 594
INDEX......Page 600