Power conversion and control of wind energy systems

Power conversion and control of wind energy systems......Page 000003.djvu
ISBN 9781118029008  9781118028995  9781118028988 1118028988......Page 000004.djvu
CONTENTS......Page 000005.djvu
Preface......Page 000011.djvu
List of Symbols......Page 000013.djvu
Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 000023.djvu
1.1 Introduction......Page 1.djvu
1.2.1 Installed Capacity and Growth Rate......Page 2.djvu
1.2.3 Stand-Alone and Grid-Connected Applications......Page 3.djvu
1.2.4 On-Land and Offshore Applications......Page 4.djvu
1.2.5 Costs of Wind Energy Conversion Systems......Page 8.djvu
1.3 Wind Turbine Technology......Page 9.djvu
1.3.1 Horizontal- and Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines......Page 10.djvu
1.3.3 Stall and Pitch Aerodynamic Power Controls......Page 12.djvu
1.4 Wind Energy Conversion System Configurations......Page 13.djvu
1.4.2 Variable-Speed Systems with Reduced-Capacity Converters......Page 14.djvu
1.4.3 Variable-Speed Systems with Full-Capacity Power Converters......Page 17.djvu
1.5.1 Fault Ride-Through Requirements......Page 20.djvu
1.5.2 Reactive Power Control......Page 21.djvu
References.......Page 22.djvu
2.1 Introduction......Page 25.djvu
2.2 Wind Turbine Components......Page 26.djvu
2.2.1 Turbine Blade......Page 27.djvu
2.2.2 Pitch Mechanism......Page 29.djvu
2.2.3 Gearbox......Page 30.djvu
2.2.4 Rotor Mechanical Brake......Page 32.djvu
2.2.6 Yaw Drive......Page 33.djvu
2.2.7 Tower and Foundation......Page 35.djvu
2.2.8 Wind Sensors (Anemometers)......Page 36.djvu
2.3 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics......Page 37.djvu
2.3.1 Power Characteristic of Wind Turbines......Page 38.djvu
2.3.2 Aerodynamic Power Control: Passive Stall, Active Stall, and Pitch Control......Page 39.djvu
2.3.3 Tip Speed Ratio......Page 42.djvu
2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Control......Page 43.djvu
2.4.1 MPPT with Turbine Power Profile......Page 45.djvu
2.4.3 MPPT with Optimal Torque Control......Page 46.djvu
References.......Page 47.djvu
3.1 Introduction......Page 49.djvu
3.2 Reference Frame Transformation......Page 50.djvu
3.2.1 abcldq Reference Frame Transformation......Page 51.djvu
3.2.2 abclaß Reference Frame Transformation......Page 53.djvu
3.3.1 Construction......Page 55.djvu
3.3.2 Space-Vector Model......Page 56.djvu
3.3.3 dq Reference Frame Model......Page 58.djvu
3.3.4 Simulation Model......Page 59.djvu
3.3.5 Induction Generator Transient Characteristics......Page 61.djvu
3.3.6 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit......Page 65.djvu
3.4 Synchronous Generators......Page 71.djvu
3.4.1 Construction......Page 72.djvu
3.4.2 Dynamic Model of SG......Page 75.djvu
3.4.3 Steady-State Equivalent Circuits......Page 80.djvu
References.......Page 85.djvu
4.1 Introduction......Page 87.djvu
4.2 AC Voltage Controllers (Soft Starters)......Page 88.djvu
4.2.1 Single-Phase AC Voltage Controller......Page 89.djvu
4.2.2 Three-Phase AC Voltage Controller......Page 92.djvu
4.3 Interleaved Boost Converters......Page 97.djvu
4.3.1 Single-Channel Boost Converter......Page 99.djvu
4.3.2 Two-Channel Interleaved Boost Converter......Page 103.djvu
4.3.3 Multichannel Interleaved Boost Converters......Page 107.djvu
4.4.1 Sinusoidal PWM......Page 112.djvu
4.4.2 Space Vector Modulation......Page 116.djvu
4.4.3 Harmonic Analysis......Page 124.djvu
4.5 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converters......Page 125.djvu
4.5.1 Converter Configuration......Page 126.djvu
4.5.2 Space Vector Modulation......Page 128.djvu
4.6 PWM Current Source Converters......Page 131.djvu
4.6.2 Selective Harmonic Elimination......Page 132.djvu
4.6.3 Space Vector Modulation......Page 133.djvu
4.6.4 PWM Current Source Rectifier......Page 140.djvu
4.7 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter......Page 142.djvu
4.7.1 Voltage Oriented Control (VOC)......Page 144.djvu
4.7.2 VOC with Decoupled Controller......Page 146.djvu
4.7.3 Operation of Grid-Connected Inverter with VOC and Reactive Power Control......Page 148.djvu
References.......Page 152.djvu
5.1 Introduction......Page 153.djvu
5.2.1 Single-Speed WECS......Page 154.djvu
5.2.2 Two-Speed WECS......Page 155.djvu
5.3.1 Wound Rotor Induction Generator with External Rotor Resistance......Page 157.djvu
5.3.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator WECS with Reduced-Capacity Power Converter......Page 158.djvu
5.3.3 SCIG Wind Energy System with Full-Capacity Power Converters......Page 160.djvu
5.4 Variable-Speed Synchronous Generator WECS......Page 162.djvu
5.4.1 Configuration with Full-Capacity Back-to-Back Power Converters......Page 163.djvu
5.4.2 Configuration with Diode Rectifier and dc/dc Converters......Page 164.djvu
5.4.3 Configuration with Distributed Converters for Multiwinding Generators......Page 167.djvu
5.5 Summary......Page 169.djvu
References.......Page 170.djvu
6.1 Introduction......Page 173.djvu
6.2.1 Wind Turbine......Page 174.djvu
6.2.3 Generator......Page 175.djvu
6.2.5 Reactive Power Compensation......Page 176.djvu
6.3.1 Fixed-Speed Operation of SCIG......Page 177.djvu
6.3.2 Two-Speed Operation of Fixed-Speed WECS......Page 179.djvu
6.4 Grid Connection with Soft Starter......Page 180.djvu
6.5 Reactive Power Compensation......Page 184.djvu
6.6 Summary......Page 188.djvu
References.......Page 189.djvu
7.1 Introduction......Page 191.djvu
7.2.1 Field Orientation......Page 192.djvu
7.2.2 Direct FOC for SCIG Wind Energy Systems......Page 193.djvu
7.2.3 Rotor Flux Calculator......Page 195.djvu
7.2.4 Dynamic and Steady-State Analysis of Direct FOC WECS......Page 197.djvu
7.3.1 Principles of Operation of Indirect FOC......Page 204.djvu
7.3.2 Steady-State Analysis of Indirect FOC SCIG Wind Energy System......Page 206.djvu
7.4.1 Principle of Direct Torque Control......Page 210.djvu
7.4.2 Switching Logic......Page 211.djvu
7.4.3 Stator Flux and Torque Calculator......Page 214.djvu
7.4.4 Transient Analysis of SCIG WECS with DTC......Page 215.djvu
7.4.5 Steady-State Analysis of SCIG WECS with DTC......Page 217.djvu
7.5.1 Introduction......Page 223.djvu
7.5.2 Control ofCSC WECS with Variable a and Fixed m......Page 225.djvu
7.5.3 Steady-State Analysis of CSC WECS......Page 228.djvu
References.......Page 235.djvu
8.1 Introduction......Page 237.djvu
8.2 Super-and Subsynchronous Operation of DFIG......Page 238.djvu
8.3.1 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit of DFIG with Rotor-Side Converter......Page 240.djvu
8.3.2 Torque-Slip Characteristics of DFIG WECS......Page 246.djvu
8.3.3 Steady-State Analysis of DFIG WECS with PFS = 1......Page 249.djvu
8.3.4 Simplified Calculations......Page 251.djvu
8.4 Leading and Lagging Power Factor Operation......Page 252.djvu
8.5.1 Principle of Stator Voltage Oriented Control (SVOC)......Page 254.djvu
8.5.2 System Block Diagram......Page 259.djvu
8.5.3 Dynamic Performance of DFIG WECS......Page 261.djvu
8.5.4 Steady-State Performance of DFIG WECS......Page 265.djvu
8.6 DFIG WECS Start-Up and Experiments......Page 269.djvu
8.7 Summary......Page 272.djvu
References.......Page 273.djvu
9.1 Introduction......Page 275.djvu
9.2 System Configuration......Page 276.djvu
9.3.1 Zero ¿-Axis Current (ZDC) Control......Page 277.djvu
9.3.2 Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) Control......Page 279.djvu
9.3.3 Unity Power Factor (UPF) Control......Page 281.djvu
9.3.4 Comparison ofZDC, MTPA and UPF Controls......Page 282.djvu
9.4.1 Nonsalient SG WECS with ZDC and Optimal Torque Control......Page 289.djvu
9.4.2 Transient and Steady-State Analysis of Nonsalient SG WECS......Page 291.djvu
9.4.3 Salient-Pole SG WECS with MTPA and Rotor Speed Feedback Controls......Page 294.djvu
9.4.4 Transient and Steady-State Analysis of Salient-Pole SG WECS......Page 296.djvu
9.4.5 Grid-Side MPPT Control Scheme......Page 301.djvu
9.5 DC/DC Boost Converter Interfaced SG Wind Energy System......Page 302.djvu
9.6 Reactive Power Control of SG WECS......Page 304.djvu
9.7.1 CSC Wind Energy Systems with Firing Angle Control......Page 308.djvu
9.7.2 CSC Wind Energy System with Reactive Power Control......Page 312.djvu
References.......Page 315.djvu
Appendix A. Per-Unit System......Page 317.djvu
B.1 Squirrel Cage Induction Generators......Page 319.djvu
B.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators......Page 322.djvu
B.3 Synchronous Generators......Page 324.djvu
Appendix C. Problems and Solutions......Page 327.djvu
Index......Page 449.djvu
IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering......Page 455.djvu