Validation of the Measurement Process

Title Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
ACS Symposium Series......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 5
1 Statistical Control of Measurement Processes......Page 6
WHAT IS MEASUREMENT......Page 7
MEASUREMENT METHODS AND PROCESSES......Page 9
STATISTICAL CONTROL......Page 11
CONTROL CHART ANALYSIS......Page 13
RATIONAL SUBGROUPS......Page 17
A PROCESS WITH NO ASSIGNABLE CAUSES......Page 18
A PROCESS WITH LOCAL ASSIGNABLE CAUSES......Page 19
THE PROBLEM OF DUPLICITY......Page 21
SIMPLE AND COMPLEX CONTROL......Page 23
RELATED ASSIGNABLE CAUSES......Page 25
RUGGEDNESS OF A MEASUREMENT PROCESS......Page 28
A MEASUREMENT HIERARCHY......Page 30
SUMMARY......Page 32
LITERATURE CITED......Page 33
2 Testing Basic Assumptions in the Measurement Process......Page 35
RUN SEQUENCE PLOT......Page 41
LAG-l AUTOCORRELATION PLOT......Page 42
RUNS TEST......Page 46
BAND PLOTS......Page 49
2-VARIABLE GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE......Page 50
3-VARIABLE GANOVA......Page 54
YOUDEN PLOT......Page 56
EXAMINING DISTRIBUTIONAL INFORMATION......Page 58
PROBABILITY PLOTS......Page 61
No a priori Location and Variation Estimates Needed......Page 69
No Grouping of Data Need be Done......Page 70
Obtain Feedback Information for Improved Distributional Fit......Page 79
PROBABILITY PLOT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT......Page 98
4-PLOT ANALYSIS......Page 102
CONCLUSION......Page 112
ABSTRACT......Page 116
Literature Cited......Page 117
3 Systematic Error in Chemical Analysis......Page 119
SYSTEMATIC ERROR BOUNDS......Page 121
SOURCES OF SYSTEMATIC ERROR......Page 122
Sample Validity......Page 124
The Blank......Page 126
Measurement......Page 128
Data Evaluation......Page 130
Reporting Results and Uncertainties......Page 131
1-Dimensional Plots - Residuals......Page 135
SUMMARY......Page 138
Terms and Symbols Used in Text and Figures......Page 141
Literature Cited......Page 142
4 Role of Reference Materials and Reference Methods in the Measurement Process......Page 145
The Importance of Measurement Compatibility......Page 146
Mechanisms for Achieving Measurement Compatibility......Page 147
Accurate Measurement and True Values......Page 148
The Measurement Method Hierarchy and the Transfer of Accuracy......Page 150
The Measurement of Calcium in Serum......Page 152
The Measurement of NO2 in Ambient Air......Page 155
The Determination of Mercury in Water at the PPB Level......Page 158
Trace Cr in Biological Matrices......Page 161
CONCLUSION......Page 162
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 164
LITERATURE CITED......Page 165
SYSTEMS THEORY......Page 167
RUGGEDNESS OF MEASUREMENT PROCESSES......Page 169
DEVELOPMENT OF MEASUREMENT PROCESSES......Page 171
EXAMPLE......Page 172
LITERATURE CITED......Page 179
6 Components of Variation in Chemical Analysis......Page 181
THE LABORATORY MEASUREMENT PROCESS......Page 182
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS VARIABILITY OF EPA REFERENCE SAMPLES......Page 187
SUMMARY......Page 201
LITERATURE CITED......Page 202
C......Page 204
D......Page 205
I......Page 206
M......Page 207
Ρ......Page 208
R......Page 209
S......Page 210
V......Page 211
Y......Page 212