Sensor-Actuator Supported Implicit Interaction in Driver Assistance Systems

Cover......Page 1
Sensor-Actuator
Supported Implicit
Interaction in Driver
Assistance Systems......Page 4
ISBN 9783834809636......Page 5
Foreword......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Contents......Page 14
List of Figures......Page 17
List of Tables......Page 24
List of Acronyms......Page 26
Part I
Research Hypotheses......Page 30
1.1.1 Interaction in Vehicles......Page 32
1.1.2 Driver-Vehicle Interaction......Page 33
1.1.3 Single Driver, Single Vehicle......Page 34
1.2 Interface Paradigms......Page 35
1.2.1 Surrounding Traffic......Page 37
1.2.3 Conversation and Telecommunications......Page 38
1.3 Distraction Forecast......Page 41
2 Perception......Page 43
2.2 Hearing......Page 44
2.3 Touch......Page 45
3 Driver Expression......Page 47
3.1.1 Explicit Interaction......Page 48
3.1.2 Implicit Interaction......Page 49
3.2.2 Multimodal......Page 50
3.2.3 Amodal......Page 53
4.1 Application Domains......Page 56
4.2 Participation Demand......Page 57
4.3 Interaction Modalities versus Application Domains......Page 58
5.1.1 Articulation......Page 59
5.2.1 Objective......Page 60
5.3 Experiments......Page 61
5.4 Hypothesis I......Page 63
5.5 Hypothesis II......Page 64
Part II
Driver-Vehicle Interaction......Page 68
6.1.1 State of the Art in In-Car Interaction......Page 70
6.1.2 Potential of Smell and Taste......Page 72
6.1.3 Summary......Page 74
6.2.2 Haptics as Support for Visual/Auditory Interaction......Page 75
6.3 Definition of Terms......Page 77
6.3.1 Force Displays......Page 78
6.4 The Skin as a Sensory Organ......Page 79
6.5 Research on Vibro-Tactile Stimulation......Page 80
6.5.1 Waistbelt (Torso)......Page 81
6.5.2 Bottom and Back......Page 82
6.5.4 Feet......Page 84
6.5.6 Buttocks......Page 86
6.7 Haptic Interaction in Vehicles......Page 87
6.7.1 Driving Dynamics......Page 88
6.7.2 Vibro-Tactile Stimulation: State of the Art in the Automotive Domain?......Page 89
6.7.3 The Driver Seat: Suitable for Haptic Noti.cations?......Page 90
Part III
Information Needs of Drivers......Page 94
7.1 Cognitive Load: A Big Challenge......Page 96
7.2 Empirical Evidence for Cognitive Load......Page 97
7.3 Managing Workload......Page 98
7.3.1 Examples......Page 99
8 Driver Activity and Notification Demands......Page 100
8.1 Notification-Induced Driver Distraction......Page 101
8.1.1 Causes of Distraction......Page 102
8.2 What Information?......Page 103
8.2.1 Classes of Information......Page 104
8.3 When and How?......Page 105
8.3.2 Selection of Sensory Modalities......Page 106
8.3.3 Airplanes – The Better Cars?......Page 108
8.5 Visual and Auditory Perception......Page 109
8.5.2 Research Potential......Page 111
9 Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)......Page 112
9.1 Alternatives Supporting the Driver......Page 113
10 Vibro-Tactile Interfaces......Page 114
10.1 Motivation......Page 115
10.2.1 Electro-Tactile......Page 116
10.2.3 Mechanical Pneumatic......Page 117
10.3.1 Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors......Page 118
10.4 Alphabets and Vibro-Tactile Patterns......Page 122
10.4.1 Tactograms – Related Application......Page 123
10.4.2 Parameters of Vibro-tactile Stimulation......Page 124
10.5 Tactograms......Page 127
10.5.2 Multi-Tactor Systems......Page 128
10.5.3 Level of Attention (LOA)......Page 130
Part IV
Methodology......Page 134
11.1 Requirements and Technological Conditions......Page 136
11.1.2 Vibro-Tactile Output......Page 137
11.2.1 Posture Pattern Analysis......Page 138
11.3.1 Multivariate Data Analysis (MDA)......Page 139
11.3.3 Hidden Markov Models (HMM)......Page 140
11.3.5 Summary and Impact......Page 141
11.4.1 Stimulus Detection......Page 142
11.4.2 Discriminating Stimuli......Page 143
11.4.3 Stimulus Threshold......Page 145
11.4.4 Age and Gender Sensitivity......Page 146
11.4.5 Summary and Impact......Page 147
12 Experiments......Page 148
12.1.1 Experimental Design......Page 150
12.1.2 Feature Evaluation......Page 152
12.1.3 Biometric Identi.cation......Page 154
12.1.4 Results......Page 158
12.1.6 General Findings......Page 160
12.2 Activity Recognition......Page 161
12.2.2 Activity Recognition......Page 162
12.2.3 General Findings......Page 167
12.2.4 Experimental Design......Page 169
12.2.5 Evaluation......Page 171
12.2.6 Discussion......Page 172
12.2.7 General Findings......Page 174
12.3 Dynamic Adaptation of Vibro-Tactile Feedback......Page 177
12.3.1 Requirements for a Vibration-Based Seat System......Page 178
12.3.2 Touch Sensation......Page 179
12.3.3 Requirements Analysis......Page 180
12.3.4 Experimental Results......Page 183
12.3.5 General Findings......Page 188
12.4 Simulating Real-Driving Performance......Page 190
12.4.1 Distraction Classes......Page 191
12.4.2 Experimental Design......Page 193
12.4.3 Evaluation and Results......Page 198
12.4.4 Conclusions......Page 208
12.4.5 General Findings......Page 210
12.5 Further Experiments......Page 211
Part V
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 212
13.2 Prototype......Page 214
14.1 On Implicit Driver Articulation......Page 215
14.2 On Vibro-Tactile Driver Notification......Page 218
15.3.2 Vibration Noise......Page 221
15.5 Parameter Mapping......Page 222
16.3 Limitations......Page 223
17.3 Integration of Biochemical Features......Page 224
17.5 Theoretical Studies on Haptics and Tactograms......Page 225
Appendices......Page 226
Bibliography......Page 262
Index......Page 312