Liposomes, Part G

Spontaneously Formed Unilamellar Vesicles......Page 37
Introduction......Page 38
Preparation of Spontaneously Forming ULVs......Page 39
Characterization of ULVs......Page 40
ULV Stability......Page 41
Charge density......Page 42
The effect of long- to short-chain lipid molar ratios on morphology......Page 44
Membrane rigidity......Page 45
Mechanism of ULV Formation......Page 46
Encapsulation and Controlled Release Mechanism of Spontaneously Formed ULVs......Page 47
Concluding Remarks......Page 50
References......Page 51
Use of Acoustic Sensors to Probe the Mechanical Properties of Liposomes......Page 55
Introduction......Page 56
Love wave acoustic device......Page 59
Quartz crystal microbalance......Page 60
Concentration-dependent effects of cholesterol......Page 61
Materials......Page 63
Instrumentation and experimental setup for Love wave experiments......Page 64
Adsorption of the liposomes to the surface of the acoustic devices......Page 65
Formation of a tethered liposome layer......Page 66
Surface plasmon resonance......Page 67
Change in DeltaPh and DeltaA for Adsorbed Vesicles as a Function of Cholesterol Content......Page 68
Do the liposomes behave like rigid spheres?......Page 70
Acoustic behavior of liposomes in comparison to glycerol, proteins, and cells......Page 71
Displacements Associated with the Liposomes......Page 72
References......Page 73
Liposome Characterization by Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements and Atomic Force Microscopy......Page 76
Introduction......Page 77
The AFM technique......Page 79
AFM imaging of liposomes: Topology and size analyses......Page 80
AFM force measurements: Characterization of liposome stiffness and stability......Page 83
Examples of protocols to carry out AFM measurements......Page 89
QCM Measurements of Intact Liposomes......Page 90
Surface-Bound Liposomes in Perspective and General Conclusions......Page 98
References......Page 100
Mixing Solutions in Inkjet Formed Vesicles......Page 107
Introduction......Page 108
Inkjet vortex ring generator......Page 111
Microscopy of vesicle formation......Page 112
Falling vesicle method......Page 114
Entrainment by vortex rings......Page 116
Effect of planar bilayer age on oil exclusion in vesicles......Page 117
Effect of continuous flow on encapsulation fraction......Page 119
Effect of inverting voltage polarity on encapsulation fraction......Page 121
Discussion......Page 123
Concluding Remarks......Page 124
References......Page 125
Recombinant Proteoliposomes Prepared Using Baculovirus Expression Systems......Page 127
Principles of Recombinant Proteoliposome Preparation......Page 128
Construction of Recombinant AcNPVs......Page 130
Expression of Recombinant Proteins on BV Envelopes......Page 131
Proteoliposome preparation......Page 133
Liposome preparation......Page 135
Proteoliposome preparation......Page 138
Concluding Remarks......Page 139
References......Page 140
Block Liposomes: Vesicles of Charged\rLipids with Distinctly Shaped\rNanoscale Sphere-, Pear-, Tube-,\ror Rod-Segments......Page 142
Introduction......Page 143
Microscopy......Page 146
Design and Synthesis of MVLBG2......Page 147
Phase Behavior of MVLBG2/DOPC Lipid Mixtures......Page 149
Block liposomes......Page 150
Nanoscale studies of block liposomes......Page 151
Acknowledgments......Page 157
References......Page 158
Microfluidic Methods for Production of Liposomes......Page 160
Introduction......Page 161
Conventional Technologies for Production of Liposomes......Page 162
Microfluidic Technologies for Synthesis of Nanoparticles......Page 163
Nanosized liposome formation by MHF......Page 164
Formation of liposomes containing oligonucleotides by MHF......Page 166
A facile microfluidic method for production of liposomes......Page 168
Concluding Remarks......Page 169
References......Page 170
Constructing Size Distributions of Liposomes from Single-Object Fluorescence Measurements......Page 173
Introduction......Page 174
Preparation of liposomes for calibration......Page 177
Immobilization of liposomes......Page 178
Image Acquisition......Page 179
Thresholding particles......Page 181
Transformation of intensity data into radius values......Page 183
Multilamellarity Assay......Page 185
Concluding Remarks......Page 188
References......Page 189
Giant Unilamellar Vesicle\rElectroformation: From Lipid\rMixtures to Native Membranes Under\rPhysiological Conditions......Page 191
Introduction......Page 192
General GUV Electroformation Protocol......Page 194
Basic electroformation protocol......Page 196
GUV formation from lipid mixture or liposomes in an aqueous medium at low electrolyte concentration......Page 197
GUV electroformation in different aqueous media, including high electrolyte buffer......Page 200
GUVs from native membrane extracts and ghosts......Page 202
Concluding Remarks......Page 203
References......Page 204
Liposomal Boron Delivery for Neutron Capture Therapy......Page 207
Introduction......Page 208
Boron-Encapsulation Approach......Page 211
Boron Lipid-Liposome Approach......Page 214
Stability of the nido-carborane lipid vesicles......Page 215
Incorporation of the nido-carborane lipid into liposomal membranes......Page 216
Preparation of liposomes......Page 217
Biodistribution of TF-PEG-CL and PEG-CL liposomes......Page 218
Survival of tumor-bearing mice after BNCT......Page 220
Closo-Dodecaborate Lipid Liposomes......Page 221
Synthesis of closo-dodecaborate lipids......Page 222
Synthesis of closo-dodecaborate cholesterols......Page 224
Preparation of closo-dodecaborate lipid-liposomes......Page 225
Fluorescent-labeled closo-dodecaborate lipid-liposomes......Page 226
Acute toxicity and accumulation of liposomes prepared from closo-dodecaborate lipids and cholesterols in healthy mice......Page 227
Biodistribution of closo-dodecaborate lipid-liposomes in mice......Page 229
Tumor growth in mice administer DSBL-liposomes after neutron irradiation......Page 230
References......Page 231
Production of Recombinant Proteoliposomes for Therapeutic Uses......Page 237
Introduction......Page 238
Expression of Bak Protein Using a Bacterial Cell-Free Expression System......Page 241
Scale-Up Production of Bak Proteoliposomes......Page 243
Liposome Preparation......Page 244
Analysis of the Purified Bak Proteoliposomes......Page 245
Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 246
Apoptosis Induction in Cancer Cell Lines: Caspase 9 Activation......Page 248
Concluding Remarks......Page 249
References......Page 250
Liposome-Mediated Therapy of Neuroblastoma......Page 252
Introduction......Page 253
Untargeted Liposomes Entrapping Doxorubicin......Page 254
Tumor-Targeted Liposomal Chemotherapy......Page 255
Preparation of anti-GD2 immunoliposomes......Page 256
Vascular-Targeted Liposomal Chemotherapy......Page 259
Preparation of APN peptide-targeted liposomes......Page 260
Preparation of DSPE-PEG2000-COOH peptide-targeted liposomes......Page 262
Liposomes Entrapping Fenretinide (HPR)......Page 263
Antisense Oligonucleotide-Entrapped Liposomes......Page 264
Preparation of anti-GD2-targeted, ODN-encapsulated, liposomes......Page 265
Gold-Containing Liposomes......Page 268
Characterization of anti-GD2-targeted, gold-encapsulated, liposomes by TEM......Page 269
References......Page 270
Tumor-Specific Liposomal Drug Release Mediated by Liposomase......Page 277
Introduction......Page 278
Tumor Models......Page 280
Generation of C. N\rovyi Spores and C. Novyi-NT......Page 281
Overview......Page 282
Liposome preparation......Page 283
Drug loading......Page 284
Biochemical measurement of liposomase activity......Page 285
Purification of liposomase activity......Page 288
References......Page 289
Targeted Lipoplexes for siRNA Delivery......Page 292
Introduction......Page 293
Liposome preparation......Page 295
Size measurement......Page 296
Zeta-potential determination......Page 297
PicoGreen intercalation assay......Page 298
Protection from RNase and serum-mediated degradation......Page 300
Transfection......Page 301
Epifluorescence and confocal microscopy studies......Page 302
Quantification of mRNA silencing by QRT-PCR......Page 303
Quantification of protein knockdown by Western blot......Page 305
Determination of luciferase silencing......Page 306
Cell Viability Studies......Page 308
LDH assay......Page 309
Concluding Remarks......Page 310
References......Page 311
Mucosal Delivery of Liposome-Chitosan Nanoparticle Complexes......Page 313
Introduction......Page 314
Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles......Page 316
Preparation of liposomes......Page 317
Preparation of L/CS-NP complexes by hydration......Page 319
Morphological examination......Page 322
Surface characterization......Page 324
In vitro release studies......Page 325
Cell uptake studies......Page 326
In vivo hypoglycemic effect: Oral administration......Page 327
Pulmonary route......Page 328
Oral route: L/CS-NP complexes prepared by hydration......Page 329
Oral route: L/CS-NP complexes prepared by lyophilization......Page 330
Ocular route......Page 332
Conclusions and Prospects......Page 333
References......Page 334
Antiangiogenic Photodynamic Therapy with Targeted Liposomes......Page 337
Introduction......Page 338
Preparation and characterization of PEG-coated liposomes with encapsulated BPD-MA......Page 340
Therapeutic efficacy of PEG-coated liposomal BPD-MA after PDT......Page 341
Preparation and characterization of polycation liposomes with encapsulated BPD-MA......Page 342
In vitro study using PCL-encapsulated BPD-MA......Page 343
Therapeutic efficacy of PCL-encapsulated BPD-MA after PDT......Page 344
Apoptosis of tumor cells after PDT treatment with PCLipBPD-MA......Page 347
Preparation and characterization of neovessel-targeted liposomes with encapsulated BPD-MA......Page 348
Therapeutic efficacy of APRPG-PEG liposomes after PDT......Page 349
Antiangiogenic PDT scheduling with nontargeted liposomal BPD-MA......Page 351
Antiangiogenic PDT scheduling with neovessel-targeted liposomal BPD-MA......Page 352
References......Page 353
Controlling the In Vivo Activity of Wnt Liposomes\r......Page 355
Introduction......Page 356
Manufacture and functional characterization of the phase transition of chromophore-modified liposomes......Page 358
Using vesosomes as delivery vehicles for liposomes......Page 360
DiI liposome penetration and Wnt3a liposome in vivo activity experiment......Page 364
Concluding Remarks......Page 367
References......Page 369
Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Liposomes to Primate Brain......Page 372
Introduction......Page 373
Liposome Preparation......Page 374
Quantification of Liposome-Entrapped Gadoteridol by Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 375
Infusion Catheter Design and Infusion Procedure......Page 376
Distribution of Liposomes Within Anatomic Structures of the Primate Brain......Page 380
Future and Outlook of CED to Brain......Page 382
References......Page 383
Hemoglobin-Vesicles as an Artificial Oxygen Carrier......Page 386
Introduction: Encapsulated Hemoglobin as an Artificial Oxygen Carrier......Page 387
Encapsulation of Concentrated Hb in Liposomes......Page 389
Source of Hb and Its Purification......Page 391
Regulation of Oxygen Affinity......Page 394
Structural Stabilization of Liposome-Encapsulated Hb......Page 395
Blood Compatibility of LEH and HbV......Page 397
Regulation of Osmotic Pressure and Suspension Rheology to Mimic and Overwhelm the Function of Blood......Page 398
Concluding Remarks......Page 400
References......Page 401