Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application

WIND ENERGY EXPLAINED: Theory, Design and Application......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
About the Authors......Page 11
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 15
1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins......Page 17
1.1 Modern Wind Turbines......Page 18
1.2 History of Wind Energy......Page 26
References......Page 37
2.1 Introduction......Page 39
2.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource......Page 40
2.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer......Page 52
2.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation......Page 69
2.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates Using Statistical Techniques......Page 79
2.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment......Page 81
2.7 Wind Prediction and Forecasting......Page 88
2.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation......Page 90
2.9 Advanced Topics......Page 100
References......Page 103
3.1 General Overview......Page 107
3.2 One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit......Page 108
3.3 Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation......Page 112
3.4 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics......Page 117
3.5 Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines......Page 131
3.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory......Page 133
3.7 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation......Page 137
3.8 General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction......Page 140
3.9 Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation......Page 147
3.10 Generalized Rotor Design Procedure......Page 149
3.11 Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure......Page 154
3.12 Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance......Page 155
3.13 Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design......Page 157
3.14 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines......Page 161
References......Page 169
4.1 Background......Page 173
4.2 Wind Turbine Loads......Page 174
4.3 General Principles of Mechanics......Page 177
4.4 Wind Turbine Rotor Dynamics......Page 188
4.5 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response......Page 216
References......Page 218
5.1 Overview......Page 221
5.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power......Page 222
5.3 Power Transformers......Page 233
5.4 Electrical Machines......Page 235
5.5 Power Converters......Page 253
5.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines......Page 262
5.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment......Page 269
References......Page 271
6.2 Material Fatigue......Page 273
6.3 Wind Turbine Materials......Page 282
6.4 Machine Elements......Page 286
6.5 Principal Wind Turbine Components......Page 292
References......Page 324
7.1 Overview......Page 327
7.2 Design Procedure......Page 328
7.3 Wind Turbine Topologies......Page 332
7.4 Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification......Page 338
7.5 Wind Turbine Design Loads......Page 341
7.6 Load Scaling Relations......Page 349
7.7 Power Curve Prediction......Page 352
7.8 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design......Page 356
7.9 Design Evaluation......Page 361
7.10 Wind Turbine and Component Testing......Page 362
References......Page 371
8.1 Introduction......Page 375
8.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Control Systems......Page 380
8.3 Typical Grid-connected Turbine Operation......Page 386
8.4 Supervisory Control Overview and Implementation......Page 390
8.5 Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation......Page 398
References......Page 420
9.1 General Overview......Page 423
9.2 Wind Turbine Siting......Page 424
9.3 Installation and Operation Issues......Page 432
9.4 Wind Farms......Page 435
9.5 Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids......Page 449
References......Page 462
10.1 General Overview......Page 465
10.3 Hybrid Power Systems......Page 466
10.4 Offshore Wind Energy......Page 477
10.5 Operation in Severe Climates......Page 494
10.6 Special Purpose Applications......Page 496
10.7 Energy Storage......Page 505
10.8 Fuel Production......Page 513
References......Page 517
11.1 Introduction......Page 521
11.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems......Page 522
11.3 Capital Costs of Wind Energy Systems......Page 527
11.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs......Page 535
11.5 Value of Wind Energy......Page 537
11.6 Economic Analysis Methods......Page 546
11.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations......Page 555
References......Page 559
12.1 Introduction......Page 563
12.2 Avian/Bat Interaction with Wind Turbines......Page 565
12.3 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines......Page 572
12.4 Wind Turbine Noise......Page 577
12.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects......Page 589
12.6 Land-Use Environmental Impacts......Page 598
12.7 Other Environmental Considerations......Page 601
References......Page 605
A.2 Chapter 2......Page 609
A.3 Chapter 3......Page 611
A.4 Chapter 4......Page 613
A.5 Chapter 5......Page 617
A.6 Chapter 6......Page 620
A.7 Chapter 7......Page 622
A.8 Chapter 8......Page 623
A.9 Chapter 9......Page 624
A.10 Chapter 10......Page 626
A.11 Chapter 11......Page 628
A.12 Chapter 12......Page 629
A.13 Abbreviations......Page 630
B.2 Chapter 2 Problems......Page 633
B.3 Chapter 3 Problems......Page 637
B.4 Chapter 4 Problems......Page 644
B.5 Chapter 5 Problems......Page 648
B.6 Chapter 6 Problems......Page 653
B.7 Chapter 7 Problems......Page 655
B.8 Chapter 8 Problems......Page 658
B.9 Chapter 9 Problems......Page 663
B.10 Chapter 10 Problems......Page 668
B.11 Chapter 11 Problems......Page 672
B.12 Chapter 12 Problems......Page 674
C.2 Data Analysis......Page 677
C.3 Data Synthesis......Page 687
References......Page 691
Index......Page 693