Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Eighth Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright Page......Page 8
About The Authors......Page 9
Brief Contents......Page 10
Contents......Page 11
Science and the Magnificent Human Mind......Page 30
A The Origin of Matter......Page 32
B The Mystery of Fire......Page 37
C The Scientific Method......Page 38
CHAPTER 1 Measurements in Chemistry......Page 42
1-1 The Numerical Value of a Measurement......Page 44
1-2 Significant Figures and Mathematical Operations......Page 47
1-3 Expressing Large and Small Numbers: Scientific Notation......Page 50
1-4 Measurement of Mass, Length, and Volume......Page 54
1-5 Conversion of Units by the Factor-Label Method......Page 58
1-6 Measurement of Temperature......Page 66
CHAPTER 2 Elements and Compounds......Page 78
2-1 The Elements......Page 80
2-2 The Composition of Elements: Atomic Theory......Page 84
2-3 Composition of the Atom......Page 86
2-4 Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Atomic Mass......Page 88
2-5 Molecular Compounds......Page 92
2-6 Ionic Compounds......Page 95
CHAPTER 3 The Properties of Matter and Energy......Page 106
3-1 The Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter......Page 108
3-2 Density—A Physical Property......Page 112
3-3 The Properties of Mixtures......Page 117
3-4 The Forms and Types of Energy......Page 122
3-5 Energy Measurement and Specific Heat......Page 124
CHAPTER 4 The Periodic Table and Chemical Nomenclature......Page 136
4-1 The Origin of the Periodic Table......Page 138
4-2 Using the Periodic Table......Page 140
PART B THE FORMULAS AND NAMES OF COMPOUNDS......Page 144
4-3 Naming and Writing Formulas of Metal-Nonmetal Binary Compounds......Page 145
4-4 Naming and Writing Formulas of Compounds with Polyatomic Ions......Page 149
4-5 Naming Nonmetal-Nonmetal Binary Compounds......Page 153
4-6 Naming Acids......Page 155
CHAPTER 5 Chemical Reactions......Page 164
5-1 Chemical Equations......Page 166
5-2 Combustion, Combination, and Decomposition Reactions......Page 171
PART B IONS IN WATER AND HOW THEY REACT......Page 175
5-3 The Formation of Ions in Water......Page 176
5-4 Single-Replacement Reactions......Page 178
5-5 Double-Replacement Reactions–Precipitation......Page 181
5-6 Double-Replacement Reactions–Neutralization......Page 187
CHAPTER 6 Quantities in Chemistry......Page 196
6-1 Relative Masses of Elements......Page 198
6-2 The Mole and the Molar Mass of Elements......Page 201
6-3 The Molar Mass of Compounds......Page 205
6-4 The Composition of Compounds......Page 210
6-5 Empirical and Molecular Formulas......Page 215
CHAPTER 7 Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions......Page 224
7-1 Stoichiometry......Page 226
7-2 Limiting Reactant......Page 231
7-3 Percent Yield......Page 236
7-4 Heat Energy in Chemical Reactions......Page 239
CHAPTER 8 Modern Atomic Theory......Page 248
8-1 The Emission Spectra of the Elements and Bohr’s Model......Page 250
8-2 Modern Atomic Theory: A Closer Look at Energy Levels......Page 255
8-3 Electron Configurations of the Elements......Page 261
8-4 Orbital Diagrams of the Elements (Optional)......Page 268
8-5 Periodic Trends......Page 270
CHAPTER 9 The Chemical Bond......Page 280
9-1 Bond Formation and Representative Elements......Page 282
9-2 Formation of Ions and Ionic Compounds......Page 283
9-3 The Covalent Bond......Page 288
9-4 Writing Lewis Structures......Page 292
9-5 Resonance Structures......Page 297
9-6 Electronegativity and Polarity of Bonds......Page 300
9-7 Geometry of Simple Molecules......Page 303
9-8 Polarity of Molecules......Page 306
9-9 Formal Charge (Optional)......Page 308
CHAPTER 10 The Gaseous State......Page 320
10-1 The Nature of Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory......Page 322
10-2 The Pressure of a Gas......Page 325
10-3 Charles’s, Gay-Lussac’s, and Avogadro’s Laws......Page 329
PART B RELATIONSHIPS AMONG QUANTITIES OF GASES, CONDITIONS, AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 337
10-4 The Ideal Gas Law......Page 338
10-5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures......Page 341
10-6 The Molar Volume and Density of a Gas......Page 344
10-7 Stoichiometry Involving Gases......Page 347
CHAPTER 11 The Solid and Liquid States......Page 358
11-1 Properties of the Solid and Liquid States......Page 360
11-2 Intermolecular Forces and Physical State......Page 362
11-3 The Solid State: Melting Point......Page 366
11-4 The Liquid State: Surface Tension, Viscosity,and Boiling Point......Page 371
11-5 Energy and Changes in State......Page 377
11-6 Heating Curve of Water......Page 380
CHAPTER 12 Aqueous Solutions......Page 390
12-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions......Page 392
12-2 The Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility......Page 395
12-3 Concentration: Percent by Mass......Page 398
12-4 Concentration: Molarity......Page 401
12-5 Stoichiometry Involving Solutions......Page 405
12-6 Electrical Properties of Solutions......Page 410
12-7 Colligative Properties of Solutions......Page 412
CHAPTER 13 Acids, Bases, and Salts......Page 424
13-1 Properties of Acids and Bases......Page 426
13-2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases......Page 428
13-3 Strengths of Acids and Bases......Page 432
13-4 Neutralization and the Formation of Salts......Page 436
13-5 Equilibrium of Water......Page 440
13-6 The pH Scale......Page 443
13-7 The Effect of Salts on pH—Hydrolysis......Page 448
13-8 Control of pH—Buffer Solutions......Page 451
13-9 Oxides as Acids and Bases......Page 454
CHAPTER 14 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions......Page 464
14-1 The Nature of Oxidation and Reduction and Oxidation States......Page 466
14-2 Balancing Redox Equations: Oxidation State Method......Page 472
14-3 Balancing Redox Equations: Ion-Electron Method......Page 475
PART B SPONTANEOUS AND NONSPONTANEOUS REDOX REACTIONS......Page 480
14-4 Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions......Page 481
14-5 Voltaic Cells......Page 485
14-6 Electrolytic Cells......Page 490
CHAPTER 15 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium......Page 498
15-1 How Reactions Take Place......Page 500
15-2 Rates of Chemical Reactions......Page 503
15-3 Equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s Principle......Page 507
15-4 The Equilibrium Constant......Page 513
15-5 Equilibria of Weak Acids and Weak Bases in Water......Page 517
15-6 Solubility Equilibria......Page 525
CHAPTER 16 Nuclear Chemistry......Page 538
16-1 Radioactivity......Page 540
16-2 Rates of Decay of Radioactive Isotopes......Page 544
16-3 The Effects of Radiation......Page 546
16-4 The Detection and Measurement of Radiation......Page 549
16-5 Nuclear Reactions......Page 552
16-6 Applications of Radioactivity......Page 554
16-7 Nuclear Fission and Fusion......Page 557
CHAPTER 17 (WEB) Organic Chemistry......Page 568
17-1 Bonding in Organic Compounds......Page 570
17-2 Alkanes......Page 574
17-3 Alkenes and Alkynes......Page 579
17-4 Aromatic Compounds......Page 583
17-5 Alcohols and Ethers......Page 586
17-6 Aldehydes and Ketones......Page 588
17-7 Amines......Page 590
17-8 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides......Page 591
CHAPTER 18 (WEB) Biochemistry......Page 608
18-1 Lipids......Page 610
18-2 Carbohydrates......Page 615
18-3 Amino Acids and Proteins......Page 619
18-4 Enzymes......Page 624
18-5 Nucleic Acids and Genetics......Page 626
FOREWORD TO THE APPENDICES......Page 637
APPENDIX A: BASIC MATHEMATICS......Page 638
APPENDIX B: BASIC ALGEBRA......Page 646
APPENDIX C: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION......Page 655
APPENDIX D: GRAPHS......Page 663
APPENDIX E: CALCULATORS......Page 667
APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY......Page 672
APPENDIX G: ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PROBLEMS......Page 681
PHOTO CREDITS......Page 707
INDEX......Page 709