Environmental Contaminants: Assessment and Control

0127100571......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Prologue: The Challenge......Page 26
Acknowledgments......Page 32
Author’s Note on Discussion Boxes, Equations, and Concentration Units......Page 36
Part I: An Environmental Policy Primer......Page 41
The Evolution and Progress of Environmental......Page 43
What Is a Contaminant?......Page 45
Understanding Policy by Understanding Science......Page 51
Connections and Interrelationships of Environmental Science......Page 53
Environmental Assessment and Intervention......Page 62
Introduction to Environmental Policy......Page 71
Urban Air Pollution......Page 83
Acid Deposition......Page 87
Protecting the Ozone Layer......Page 90
Water Quality Legislation......Page 93
Solid and Hazardous Wastes Laws......Page 94
Environmental Product and Consumer Protection Laws......Page 96
Notes and Commentary......Page 99
Part II: Fundamentals of Environmental Science and Engineering......Page 103
Introduction to Part II......Page 105
Importance of Physics in Environmental Contamination and Risk......Page 107
Importance of Chemistry in Environmental Contamination and Risk......Page 110
Beyond Basic Science......Page 111
Principles and Concepts of Energy and Matter Important to the Environment......Page 113
Mass and Work......Page 114
Environmental Mechanics......Page 120
Notes and Commentary......Page 130
Physical Properties of Environmental Fluids......Page 133
Velocity......Page 137
Discharge and Flow......Page 139
Pressure......Page 143
Acceleration......Page 147
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration......Page 148
Density......Page 150
Specific Gravity......Page 158
Notes and Commentary......Page 177
Fundamentals of Environmental Equilibria......Page 181
Solubility as a Physical and Chemical Phenomenon......Page 189
Intramolecular Bonds, Intermolecular Forces, and Molecular Dipole Moments......Page 194
Fluid Solubility/Density Relationships......Page 196
Environmental Thermodynamics......Page 202
The Environmental Mass Balance Reaction Term......Page 216
Notes and Commentary......Page 222
5. Movement of Contaminants in the Environment......Page 225
Environmental Chemodymamics Models......Page 226
Selecting Units of Mass and Concentrations in Chemodynamics......Page 284
Fugacity, Z Values, and Henry’s Law......Page 292
How Contaminants Move in the Environment......Page 303
Overall Effect of the Fluxes, Sinks, and Sources......Page 315
Combining Transport and Degradation Processes Using Half-Lives and Rate Constants......Page 316
Notes and Commentary......Page 323
6. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry......Page 329
Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry......Page 336
Organic Chemistry......Page 361
Notes and Commentary......Page 372
7. Chemical Reactions in the Environment......Page 373
Environmental Ionic Reactions......Page 380
Environmental Acid and Base Chemistry......Page 388
Precipitation Reactions in Environmental Engineering......Page 398
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions......Page 407
Biological Redox Reactions......Page 409
Environmental Metal Chemistry......Page 420
Notes and Commentary......Page 425
The Cell......Page 429
The “Bio” Terms......Page 432
Oxygen-Depleting Contaminants......Page 456
Biomarkers of Contaminants......Page 458
Accelerated Biodegradation: Bioremediation......Page 464
Biocriteria: A New Way to Determine Environmental Quality......Page 465
Notes and Commentary......Page 468
Part III: Contaminant Risk......Page 473
Environmental Toxicology......Page 475
Toxicity Testing......Page 478
Hazardous Waste Characteristics......Page 481
Bio-Effective Dose......Page 485
Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics......Page 487
Environmental Epidemiology......Page 496
Contaminant Groupings......Page 500
Carcinogens......Page 503
Chronic Noncancer Health Endpoints......Page 514
Environmental Endocrine Disruptors......Page 518
Neurotoxins......Page 525
Immunotoxins......Page 527
Ecological Toxicity......Page 528
Notes and Commentary......Page 532
Exposure Assessment......Page 539
Calculating Risk......Page 550
Applying Cancer Risk Calculations to Cleanup Levels......Page 551
Non-Cancer Hazard and Risk Calculations......Page 556
Comprehensive Risk Communication......Page 561
Notes and Commentary......Page 568
Part IV: Interventions to Address Environmental Contamination......Page 571
Environmental Monitoring......Page 573
Laboratory Analysis......Page 581
Sources of Uncertainty......Page 587
Chemiluminescence and Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH): Monitoring the Magnitude of the Risks Associated with Environmental Contamination......Page 606
Integration of Monitoring Techniques: Chemiluminescence and Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH)......Page 610
Notes and Commentary......Page 611
A Template for Cleaning Up Contaminants......Page 615
Characterizing Contaminants in the Environment......Page 617
Estimating Contaminant Migration......Page 620
Contaminant Treatment and Control Approaches......Page 622
Thermal Processing: The Science, Engineering and Technology of Contaminant Destruction......Page 627
Microbiological Processing: The Science, Engineering, and Technology of Contaminant Biotreatment......Page 640
Hazardous Waste Storage Landfills: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Long-Term Storage of Contaminated Media......Page 650
Siting......Page 651
Ex Situ and In Situ Treatment......Page 657
Notes and Commentary......Page 667
13. Environmental Decisions and Professionalism......Page 671
Communicating Scientific Information......Page 673
Environmental Information Management......Page 681
Notes and Commentary......Page 691
14. Epilogue: Benzene Metabolism Revisited......Page 693
The Sensitivity Analysis: An Important Step Beyond Stoichiometry......Page 694
Interdependencies between a Contaminant and a Substrate......Page 700
Notes and Commentary......Page 706
Glossary of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Terminology......Page 709
Notes and Commentary......Page 753
APPENDIX 1: Information Needed to Prepare Environmental Impact Statements......Page 755
APPENDIX 2: Safe Drinking Water Act Contaminants and Maximum Contaminant Levels......Page 765
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations......Page 783
APPENDIX 3: Toxic Compounds Listed in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments......Page 787
APPENDIX 4: Physical Constants......Page 793
APPENDIX 5: Universal Constants......Page 797
APPENDIX 6: Constants Frequently Applied in the Physical Sciences......Page 799
APPENDIX 7: Periodic Table of Elements......Page 801
APPENDIX 8: Minimum Risk Levels for Chemicals......Page 803
APPENDIX 9: Physical Contaminants......Page 815
Notes and Commentary......Page 827
Index......Page 829