Cognitive Neuroscience, 3rd Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 17
Contents......Page 8
1: Introduction to the Nervous System......Page 24
What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?......Page 25
Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System......Page 26
Neuroanatomical Terms and Brain “Geography”......Page 27
Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System......Page 28
Spinal Cord......Page 30
Medulla......Page 31
Cerebellum......Page 32
Hypothalamus......Page 34
Major Subcortical Systems......Page 36
Cerebral Cortex......Page 37
Primary Sensory and Motor Cortices......Page 39
IN FOCUS: Discovery of the “Homunculus”......Page 43
Association Areas......Page 47
Key Terms......Page 53
2: How Neurons Communicate......Page 55
How Information Is Transferred within a Neuron......Page 56
How Information Is Transferred between Neurons......Page 57
How Postsynaptic Potentials Can Cause an Action Potential......Page 58
Factors That Influence the Responsiveness of a Neuron......Page 60
Amino Acids......Page 62
Neurotransmitter Systems......Page 63
Chemical Modulation of Neural Transmission......Page 69
Myelination......Page 70
IN FOCUS: Can Herbs Improve Your Memory, Attention, and Mood?......Page 71
Key Terms......Page 73
3: Methods......Page 74
Introduction......Page 75
Patients with Circumscribed Brain Damage......Page 76
Neurologically Intact Individuals......Page 80
Nonhuman Animals......Page 81
Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy......Page 82
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 83
Techniques for Assessing Physiological Function......Page 85
Functional Brain Imaging Methods......Page 86
IN FOCUS: Participating in a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study......Page 89
Electromagnetic Recording Methods......Page 90
Optical Recording Methods......Page 99
Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity......Page 100
Multimethod Approaches......Page 102
Assessment of Behavior in Brain-Damaged Populations......Page 104
Techniques for Modeling Brain-Behavior Relationships......Page 106
Summary......Page 110
Key Terms......Page 111
4: Hemispheric Specialization......Page 112
Basics of Hemispheric Specialization......Page 113
Historical Perspective......Page 114
Studies of Patients with Split-Brain Syndrome......Page 115
Research with Individuals Who Have Lateralized Lesions......Page 117
Research with Neurologically Intact Individuals......Page 118
Characterization of Hemisphere Differences......Page 120
Nature of Information Carried over the Corpus Callosum......Page 122
IN FOCUS: Why Have a Lateralized Brain?......Page 123
Functions of Interhemispheric Interaction......Page 124
Developmental Aspects of Hemispheric Specialization......Page 126
Gender......Page 128
Summary......Page 129
Key Terms......Page 130
5: Motor Control......Page 131
Subcortical Regions......Page 133
Cortical Regions......Page 142
Integrated Models of the Motor System......Page 154
Subcortical Motor Disorders......Page 155
IN FOCUS: Using Brain Activation to Control Prosthetic Limbs......Page 157
Cortical Motor Disorders......Page 162
Summary......Page 166
Key Terms......Page 167
6: Early Perceptual Processing......Page 168
Photoreceptors......Page 170
Ganglion Cells......Page 171
Receptive Fields......Page 172
The Tectopulvinar Pathway......Page 173
The Geniculostriate Pathway......Page 174
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus......Page 175
Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)......Page 176
Organization of Striate Cortex......Page 177
Binocular Integration in Striate Cortex......Page 179
Contextual Modulation of Cells in Striate Cortex......Page 180
Blindsight and the Visual Pathways......Page 181
Area V4: A Special Module for Coding Color?......Page 184
Divergence into the “What” and “Where” Pathways......Page 186
Computational Problems in Audition......Page 188
Organization of the Auditory Pathways......Page 189
Brainstem Computation of Spatial Location......Page 191
Organization of Auditory Cortex......Page 194
Auditory-Visual Interactions......Page 196
Summary......Page 198
Key Terms......Page 199
7: Object Recognition......Page 201
The “What” Ventral Visual System......Page 203
Apperceptive Visual Agnosia......Page 205
Associative Visual Agnosia......Page 206
Differences between Apperceptive and Associative Agnosias......Page 207
Prosopagnosia: Agnosia for Faces......Page 208
Category-Specific Deficits in Object Recognition......Page 209
Theoretical Issues in Object Recognition......Page 210
Sparse versus Population Coding for Objects......Page 211
The Problem of Invariance in Recognition......Page 213
Feature-Based versus Configural Coding of Objects......Page 216
Category Specificity: Are Some Types of Stimuli More Special than Others?......Page 218
Object Recognition in Auditory and Tactile Modalities......Page 224
Agnosias in Other Modalities......Page 225
Multimodal Object Recognition......Page 226
IN FOCUS: Visual Imagery: Seeing Objects with the Mind’s Eye......Page 227
Summary......Page 229
Key Terms......Page 230
8: Spatial Cognition......Page 231
The Dorsal Visual System for Spatial Processing......Page 233
Distinguishing Left from Right......Page 234
Depth Perception......Page 235
Spatial Frames of Reference......Page 236
Localization of a Point in Space......Page 238
Relations between Points in Space......Page 239
Constructional Abilities......Page 240
Motion Perception as Distinct from Other Aspects of Spatial Processing......Page 242
Incorporating Knowledge of Self-Motion......Page 243
Rotation......Page 244
Space and Action......Page 245
Spatial Navigation......Page 246
IN FOCUS: Spatial Abilities in Aviation......Page 249
Challenges to the Dorsal-Ventral Stream Dichotomy......Page 251
Summary......Page 252
Key Terms......Page 253
9: Language......Page 254
Neural Organization of Language as Inferred from Brain-Damaged Patients......Page 256
Classical Neurological Conceptions......Page 257
Psycholinguistic Perspectives......Page 263
Double Dissociations in Language Processing......Page 265
Consistencies with Models Derived from Brain-Damaged Patients......Page 266
Additional Insights Beyond Traditional Conceptions......Page 268
Evidence from Studies of Patients with Brain Damage......Page 271
IN FOCUS: Brain Organization in Bilinguals......Page 273
Converging Evidence from Other Research Methods......Page 276
Kana and Kanji......Page 278
American Sign Language......Page 279
Music......Page 282
Right-Hemisphere Contributions to Language Processing......Page 284
Summary......Page 286
Key Terms......Page 287
10: Memory......Page 288
What Is Memory?......Page 290
Amnesia: A Disorder of Long-Term Memory......Page 291
Global Nature of the Deficit......Page 292
Temporal Profile of Affected Memories......Page 293
Spared Working Memory......Page 294
Spared Skill Learning......Page 295
Perspectives from Nonhuman Animals......Page 299
Conceptualizations of the Dichotomy......Page 301
Memory and Consciousness......Page 302
Domain-Specific Neocortical Regions......Page 303
The Basal Ganglia......Page 307
The Amygdala: An Interface between Memory and Emotion......Page 308
Brain Systems That Contribute to Encoding, Consolidation and Storage, and Retrieval......Page 310
Encoding......Page 311
Consolidation and Storage......Page 312
Retrieval......Page 313
Evidence from Patients......Page 316
Studies with Nonhuman Animals......Page 317
Studies with Neurologically Intact Individuals......Page 320
Computational Perspectives......Page 321
Empirical Findings......Page 322
Summary......Page 323
Key Terms......Page 324
11: Attention......Page 325
What Is “Attention”?......Page 326
Arousal......Page 327
Selective Attention......Page 329
Divided Attention......Page 340
Selection of Goals versus Detection of Behaviorally Relevant Stimuli......Page 341
The Default Network: The Lack of Attention?......Page 343
Hemineglect: Clinical Aspects......Page 344
IN FOCUS: Pay Attention to the Road!......Page 345
Clinical Features......Page 346
Theories Regarding the Underlying Deficit......Page 348
Treatment......Page 351
Attention Based on Objects......Page 352
Hemispheric Differences in Attentional Control......Page 354
Processing of Unattended Stimuli......Page 355
Summary......Page 357
Key Terms......Page 358
12: Executive Function......Page 359
Role of Controlled versus Automatic Processes......Page 361
Initiation of Behavior......Page 364
Creation and Maintenance of a Goal or Task Set......Page 366
Sequencing......Page 368
Shifting Set and Modifying Strategies......Page 371
Self-Monitoring and Evaluation......Page 374
Inhibition......Page 375
Abstract and Conceptual Thinking......Page 376
IN FOCUS: Can You Repress a Memory?......Page 377
Rules and Inference......Page 378
Response to Novelty and Cognitive Flexibility......Page 381
Judgment and Decision Making......Page 382
Organization of the Frontal Lobe for Executive Function......Page 383
A Central Role for Working Memory in Executive Function......Page 385
Summary......Page 386
Key Terms......Page 387
13: Emotion and Social Cognition......Page 388
Subcortical Contributions to Emotion......Page 390
Fear and Emotional Learning......Page 391
Reward and Motivation......Page 396
Representing Bodily Cues of Emotion......Page 397
Monitoring for Emotionally Salient Events......Page 399
Incorporating Emotion into Decision Making......Page 401
Regulating Emotion......Page 403
Communicating Emotion......Page 405
Emotional Experience......Page 410
Understanding the Mental States of Others......Page 412
IN FOCUS: The Pain of Rejection......Page 413
Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches to Prejudice......Page 414
Summary......Page 416
Key Terms......Page 417
14: Psychopathology......Page 418
Symptoms and Features......Page 420
Frontal Lobe......Page 421
Temporal Lobe......Page 423
Disturbances in Functional Connectivity......Page 425
What Causes Schizophrenia?......Page 426
Implications for Treatment......Page 428
Depression......Page 429
Frontal Lobe......Page 430
Subcortical Regions......Page 432
Therapeutic Interventions......Page 433
IN FOCUS: Can Your Genes Make You Unhappy?......Page 437
Symptoms and Features......Page 439
Amygdala and Hippocampus......Page 440
Frontal Lobe......Page 442
Action Systems in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 443
Reward Pathways......Page 445
Orbitofrontal Cortex......Page 446
Other Brain Regions Implicated in Addiction......Page 447
Conclusions and Caveats......Page 448
Summary......Page 449
Key Terms......Page 450
15: Brain Development and Plasticity......Page 451
Development of the Brain......Page 452
Changes in the Brain during Childhood......Page 453
Changes in the Brain during Adolescence......Page 459
Influence of the Environment on the Developing Brain......Page 460
Mental Retardation......Page 463
Dyslexia......Page 466
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders......Page 468
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 471
Brain Plasticity......Page 474
Neurophysiological Responses to Insult......Page 476
Mechanisms for Recovery of Function......Page 478
Factors Influencing Recovery of Function......Page 479
Recovery of Function in Children......Page 480
IN FOCUS: Can Deprivation in One Sensory Modality Promote Extraordinary Abilities in Another?......Page 481
Cognitive Changes with Aging......Page 482
Neural Changes with Aging......Page 483
Slowing the Effects of Aging......Page 486
Summary......Page 487
Key Terms......Page 488
16: Generalized Cognitive Disorders......Page 489
Etiology......Page 491
Neuropsychological Consequences......Page 492
Dementing Diseases......Page 494
Cortical Dementias......Page 495
Subcortical Dementias......Page 505
Mixed-Variety Dementias......Page 510
Demyelinating Diseases......Page 512
Epilepsy......Page 514
Brain and Cognitive Function in Vegetative States......Page 517
Summary......Page 519
Key Terms......Page 520
Glossary......Page 521
References......Page 533
Name Index......Page 592
Subject Index......Page 610